ЕГЭ-тред

Делимся КИМами, ответами и новостями. Прошлый тред в бамплимите.

Бамп.

1

Соси член, еблан раковый.

2

3

4

5

>>68959824
No U.

Какие номера вариантов для центра?

ДС2 кун вкатился
1405-1412 по ходу фейки

>>68960010
ЦЕНТР: 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404
УРАЛ: 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408
СИБИРЬ: 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412
ДВ: 1413, 1414

>>68960010

bmp

>>68960067
Да заебали.
Для Мурманской области, для Северо-Запада дайте ответов же!

Лень тред создавать, запилите подобную инфу о ГИА, сын хуйло, не сдаст.

>>68960067
Волгоград это центр?

>>68960155
Проиграл.

>>68960067
ПРУФЫ?

>>68960152
На сайт зайди йоба

>>68960152
ГИА сдают все. Идите нахуй, дяденька.

>>68960098
Северо-запад - тоже центр.

>>68960152
мамка залогинься

>>68960098
Группа анонимусов вкидывает фейки, осторожно.

>>68960155
двачую вопрос

>>68960186
Щенок, скройся в аналы.

У меня есть варианты 3,4. На них сбоку есть номер. Замазать номер и выложить? Да нахуй надо. Схуяли я буду их светить? Сейчас всё в контакт сольёте и уже все будут знать о них. Завтра уберут ещё. Это же сканят всё. За деньги никто не возьмёт ибо наебалово или коллективная покупка и опять в вк. Так что нахуй вас.

Вы соснете, школьники ебоные. Отрепортил на тред в роскомнадзор.

>>68960177
Бляяяя мне кто нибудь пояснить может?
Что вы сука за дегинераты такие
- Ололо
- Обсрался
- Проиграл
- Ко ко ко
Какие же вы сука уебки гниды

>>68960181
Какой такой сайт?

>>68960263
Мдкшному выблядку неприятно.

>>68960246
у меня тоде есть эти варианты с QR-кодом и номером сбоку

Вы скажите лучше, что писать в сочинении.
Текст на редкость хуевый: писательнейм такой крутой, прям лучше не бывает. Ну и зашибись? Какая тут проблема? Какие тут аргументы?

>>68960263
Волгоград это центр. А что же ещё блять? Сибирь что ли? Поволжья тут нет.

Только быдло без мозгов пытается найти ответы. А особенно тупые твари пытаются купить за 10к.

>>68960186
>ГИА сдают все.
Всем всё платится.

>>68960323
Агрументы: нож в кармане, ствол в кобуре.

>>68960082
Пропустил прошлые треды, дайте ссылку на кимы и ответы к ним
Пожалуйста

>>68960263
Не знать, что такое центральные регион, это уже пиздец
мимо-кун-знаю-географию-на-2-в-аттестате-4-из-жалости-учителя

>>68960246
На твоих КИМах водяные знаки, по любому фрагменту тебе пихнут сгущи.

>>68960304
И я еще мдкшник?
Да это Вы тут рачье ебаное, сплошные мемы говноедские

>>68960323
Произведения, где герои читают авторнейм. Типа Пушкин для Кирсанова является символом души.

>>68960323
Проблема становления личности читателя. Если писатель охуенный, значит подразумевается, что читатель хуй и никак иначе. Аргументы сам придумаешь.

>>68960394
Ты че мемсы не любишь? Ебать лох)

Вам же Хованский продовал.

>>68960379
Я уточняю падла!

>>68960426
)))0

>>68960428
Писак продавал, потом в тюрячку попал.

>>68960361
Но чтобы не сдать ГИА нужно быть дауном.
Там же задания с графиками и куриными яйцами, блядь.

>>68960379
Нижний Новгород - Поволжье или Центр?
только и делал, что писал тесты на географии
В большее препод не могла.

>>68960246
Скажи хоть авторов текстов.

>>68960509
Дваждую так и было

>>68960367
Спили мушку, отличник.

>>68960436
У гугла уточняй, долбоёб. Если не научишься искать информацию сам, то тебе самое место в шараге а-ля МЧС или сраная учага для сварщиков/слесарей/сантехников

>>68960535
Чернышов, Протопопов, Солженицын

>>68960556
Страдай, школьник. Кто не успел списать в прошлые годы, теперь сосет.

>>68960572
Хуле приебался? Не нравится? Пройди мимо бля

Земля квадратная круглая
Еще сосать будешь причмокивая у своего босса
Лежать сука

>>68960693

>>68960594

>>68960749
Аниме дебил аутист в тредже
Зовите санитаров

А знаете? Ну их, нахуй, эти ответы, буду сам сдавать.
Плохо сдам, а потом повешусь

>>68960791
Вызвал, жди.

>>68960791

>>68960155
С какого района?

>>68960838
Жду пока тебя заберут отсюда

>>68960509
Ответьте бля!
В гугле забанили.

Когда мне было 17 лет, и я ходил сдавать ЕГЭ, экзаменатор всё время как-бы невзначай крутился у кабинки и всё спрашивал, что ты там затих, почему тебя не слышно? первый раз я не ответил, так он началоратьи спрашивать" что ты там молчишь, что с тобой?" начал материться, и говорить, что вообще аннулирует результат всему пункту, Алсо он еще ругался если я не выхожу через 2 минуты, мотивировал это тем, что списывают. И сам нам потом говорил - "Вот я справляюсь за 2 минуты в туалете и вы так делайте!". Однажды я отпросился в туалет и слышу экзаменатор где-то у кабинки стоит. Ну я гугл закрыл, а там щель внизу такая, я в нее смотрю, а там экзаменатор на карачиках сидит и в щель смотрит и мне - "Ты че? Ебанутый? Ты че там делаешь?" Алсо, он еще какие-то глушилки ставит, ставит по 5 штук в ППЭ, еще жалуется что стрим с видеокамер не работает. Реальная стори, я не с РосОбра.

>>68960833
Заставь за тебя тёлку какую-нибудь. Я жируху нашёл в своём классе, и сказал что выебу и отлижу в прошлом году. Она мне всё написала на 63 балла.

>>68960263

Ты же школьник, ты имитация человека. Вот ты можешь написать ЕГЭ?

Заебали, волоебы.
Сами Кимы будут?
Или вы хуевые хакеры ,еба?
Ломайте сайт мин.образования и всё
нихуя не знающий школьник

>>68960934
Нахуй иди. Интернеты есть, значит сам способен открыть вики и посмотреть, какие субъекты входят в центральный федеральный округ.

>>68960934
Знаю, но иди ты на хуй, даун.

>>68961007
кимы слили слишком рано

>>68960974
Трахнул? Отлизал?
Не распиздела всем?

>>68960082
Где все эти варианты смотреть вообще?

Есть идея сделать упор на хорошее сочинение, потому как там аж 23 балла в общем можно получить, что эквивалентно, сука, аж 23 заданиям группы А.
Думаю начать с сочинения и вложить в него максимум сил. Было бы еще приятно, если бы кто-то из бывалых смог дать пару дельных советов.
В общем, какова идея? Здраво рассуждаю, ребят? Ребят?

ЕГэ сдал 3 года назад. Если анон подкинет годную идею, завтра приду в свою школу и сорву им экзамен. ТОлько нужны годные некриминальные способы

>>68960982
Определяет человека по сдаче егэ
пошел нахуй

А я уже в финский вуз поступил и верчу ЕГЭ на хую. Ха-ха.

>>68960974
На 63 балла я и сам без малейших проблем напишу.

>>68961067
Куда слили то?
Где найти!?

Где взять теорию по русскому?

>>68961100
Предатель либераха

>>68961090
Если ты мудло от русского языка, то сочинение хорошее тебе не написать.

>>68961075
Ничего я ей не сделал, блять. Сдал ким и съебался куда-подальше. Номер её в чс кинул.

>>68961079
2 чаю

>>68961094
Нуну, посмотрим, как ты соснешь в прямом эфире практически.

А сейчас я сгоняю за пивасом и мясом и поудобнее устроюсь.

>>68961094
Если человек неспособен написать ЕГЭ, то это уже не человек, это пиздец. Тупорез пиздец пиздец. На подготовку к ЕГЭ нужно максимум месяц по каждому предмету (ну кроме физики/химии/биологии/географии, тут месяца 2-3 понадобится). За 11 лет можно блять выучить наизусть все правила и сдать на 100 баллов.

>>68961140
Уже нигде, до этого на дропбокс мне скинул один мужик

>>68961094
Ну не по богатому внутреннему миру же определять, опущенец.

Здесь есть кто-нибудь, кто сдает английский? Не для ответов и прочей хуйни, просто спросить кое-что хочу.

>>68961198
>пивасом
Умри Быдло

>>68961171
Бакабакабакабакабака.
Нехорошо обманывать. Трахнул бы, но не лизал. И себе приятно и ей.

>>68961256
Ну я сдаю, что надо?

>>68961140
https://yadi.sk/d/-cidZo-PRUqVu
Нужно яндексдиск завести.

Эти долбоёбы пойдут в инженеры, врачи, строители
И потом сами же будут орать "КОКОКО А ЧЕГО МЕДИЦИНА ДЕРЬМО, А ЧЕГО ДОРОГИ ДЕРЬМО. ВСЕ ДЕРЬМОРАШКА ВИНОВАТА КОКОКОК"

>>68961208
Бля ищи ещё. Аллаха молю,ищи

>>68961267
ЕГЭ школьника

>>68961205
Верно.
Но раньше и без этого обходились и правили империями и войсками таких дегинератов как ты без элементарных знаний математики

>>68961019
А причём здесь округ, долбобобушка?

>>68961267

Охуительная логика. Хотя что с тебя взять кроме кала на анализы.

>>68961256
>>68961282
Я тоже сдаю.

>>68961283
Дальше что?

>>68961100
слышал, что набрали туда самых дрочеров, которые сидели как сычи на экзамене. Друг с ielts на 7 и отжигавший на экзе НЕ ПОСТУПИЛ

club72095263 - для даунов, не могущий в гугл.

>>68961220
Батя ТВОЙ опущеннец

>>68961293
Ты из какого округа? Дай почту, может поделюсь

>>68960063
Почему?

>>68961205
Я это ЕГЭ в рот ебал. Нахуй мне к нему готовиться и что-то там сдавать? И школу я ебал и всё российское образование я ебал и саморазвитие я ебал. И ВУЗы я тоже ебал вместе с шарагами.

>>68961267
Стереотипчики, есть пара очень умных друзей-технарей. Но не таких шаляйваляй, а реально знающих. Всегда поражался их способностям. Они научили меня любить математику.
Один бухает, иногда курит шмаль, другой тоже иногда алкашит.
мимо-анон

>>68961256 >>68961358
Так вот. Мне тут сказали, что туда надо будет притащить собственный магнитофон, и я от этого сильно прихуел. Это только у меня такой бред происходит?

>>68961353
Мочу, которую ты будешь пить захлебываясь

>>68960063
А мне кажется, что 1-4 - фейки, лолд.

Из-центра

>>68961415
Поэтому живешь как пидараха в говне

>>68961274
А я бы полизал, но не трахнул.

>>68961392
Сибирька
[email protected]

Почему ЕГЭ-треды не вайпаются? Те, кто готовились, способны сдать экзамен самостоятельно, остальные должны страдать. Ответы, блядь, они захотели. Охуевшее школие.

>>68961420
Знания не показатель илитарности

>>68961489
Ты серьезно? За 63 балла?

>>68961498
Ок

>>68961515
Я потом в анус твою мамашку завайпаю

>>68961334
>дегинератов
>ни одной запятой
Я понял только половину твоего поста, после слова "таких" начинается загадка и, видимо, неудачная попытка оскорбить.

>>68961571
Из армии?

>>68961498
Няш,поделись если тебе скинут.Я тоже с Сибирьки.
[email protected]

>>68961529
Да я бы и просто так полизал, я же не еблан какой-нибудь, экзамен и сам написать смогу.

>>68961571
Проиграл с подливою

>>68961515
Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 arc minutes. Secondly, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal (autumn/fall) and vernal (spring) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator. In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the poles. The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the North Pole or the South Pole, the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in high latitude locations than in low latitude locations. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark has shorter nights in June than India has. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica has longer nights in June than Chile has. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

Between the pole and the polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that for a portion of the summer, there is no longer an intervening night between consecutive days and in the winter there is a period that there is no intervening day between consecutive nights.

Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 arc minutes. Secondly, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal (autumn/fall) and vernal (spring) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator. In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the poles. The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the North Pole or the South Pole, the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in high latitude locations than in low latitude locations. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark has shorter nights in June than India has. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica has longer nights in June than Chile has. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

Between the pole and the polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that for a portion of the summer, there is no longer an intervening night between consecutive days and in the winter there is a period that there is no intervening day between consecutive nights.

>>68961520
А что же показатель? Аристократичность? Да ебать в рот аристократичность тупых людей. Можно быть мнительным ебланом, а можно узнавать и развиваться.

>>68961441

У тебя ЕГЭ, не забывай. Хуесосание на борде мало поможет тебе его сдать, готовься лучше.

Только взгляни в тот манямирок, в котором ты скоро очутишься по причине хуевых результатов экзаменов - хуевый вуз, хуевая специальность, хуевые потрахушки, хуевая работа, хуевая жируха-жена, хуевые дети, хуевая ипотека, хуевый простатит, хуевый цирроз, хуевая пенсия, хуевая смерть.

>>68961630
The disappearance of sunlight, the primary energy source for life on Earth, has dramatic impacts on the morphology, physiology and behavior of almost every organism. Some animals sleep during the night, whilst others nocturnal animal including moths and crickets are active during this time. The effects of day and night are not seen in the animal kingdom alone; plants have also evolved adaptations to cope best with the lack of sunlight during this time. For example, crassulacean acid metabolism is a unique type of carbon fixation which allows photosynthetic plants to store carbon dioxide in their tissues as organic acids during the night, which can then be used during the day to synthesize carbohydrates. This allows them to keep their stomata closed during the daytime, preventing transpiration of precious water.

As artificial lighting has improved, especially after the Industrial Revolution, night time activity has increased and become a significant part of the economy in most places. Many establishments, such as nightclubs, bars, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, gas stations, distribution facilities, and police stations now operate 24 hours a day or stay open as late as 1 or 2 a. m. Even without artificial light, moon light sometimes makes it possible to travel or work outdoors at night.
Cultural aspects
Marina Bay at night in Singapore

Night is often associated with danger and evil, because of the psychological connection of night's all-encompassing darkness to the fear of the unknown and darkness's obstruction of a major sensory system (the sense of sight). Nighttime is naturally associated with vulnerability and danger for human physical survival. Criminals, animals, and other potential dangers can be concealed by darkness. Midnight has a particular importance in human imagination and culture.

The belief in magic often includes the idea that magic and magicians are more powerful at night. Seances of spiritualism are usually conducted closer to midnight. Similarly, mythical and folkloric creatures as vampires and werewolves are described as being more active at night. Ghosts are believed to wander around almost exclusively during night-time. In almost all cultures, there exist stories and legends warning of the dangers of night-time. In fact, the Saxons called the darkness of night the 'death mist'.[citation needed]

In literature, night and the lack of light are often color-associated with blackness which is historically symbolic in many cultures for villainy, non-existence, or a lack of knowledge (with the knowledge usually symbolized by light or illumination).

On the other hand, in the Western culture night is often associated with having fun. This is testified by the existence of night clubs.

The cultural significance of the night in Islam is completely opposite of night in Western culture. The Koran was revealed during the Night of Power, the most significant night according to Islam. Muhammad made his famous journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven in the night. Another prophet, Abraham came to a realization of the supreme being in charge of the universe at night. There are many references in the Koran about the benefits of the night for contemplation and spiritual development.

>>68961603
Соси хуй, ты мне конкурент

>>68961382
Ты из какого года к нам переместился, петушок?

>>68961666
The term night sky refers to the sky as seen at night. The term is usually associated with astronomy, with reference to views of celestial bodies such as stars, the Moon, and planets that become visible on a clear night after the Sun has set. Natural light sources in a night sky include moonlight, starlight, and airglow, depending on location and timing.

The night sky and studies of it have a historical place in both ancient and modern cultures. In the past, for instance, farmers have used the state of the night sky as a calendar to determine when to plant crops. Many cultures have drawn constellations between stars in the sky, using them in association with legends and mythology about their deities.

The anciently developed belief of astrology is generally based on the belief that relationships between heavenly bodies influence or convey information about events on Earth. The scientific study of the night sky and bodies observed within it, meanwhile, takes place in the science of astronomy.

The visibility of celestial objects in the night sky is affected by light pollution. The presence of the Moon in the night sky has historically hindered astronomical observation by increasing the amount of ambient lighting. With the advent of artificial light sources, however, light pollution has been a growing problem for viewing the night sky. Special filters and modifications to light fixtures can help to alleviate this problem, but for the best seeing both professional and amateur optical astronomers seek viewing sites located far from major urban areas.

>>68961366
Ну хуй знает. У меня тоефл на 91, но школьные оценки - сплошные тройки. Сам удивился, что поступил.

>В период проведения #ЕГЭ информацию о нарушениях можно направлять на e-mail [email protected] , сообщения по мониторингу интернет-ресурсов на e-mail [email protected]. Адреса эл. почты принадлежат Рособнадзору.

Уже в процессе. Ребята, пишите жалобы тоже. Хуй школию, а не ответы.

>>68961686
Top kek.Ну жадина же ты.

>>68961687
Иди крути пистон рулетку, быдло

>>68961696
The fact that the sky is not completely dark at night, even in the absence of moonlight and city lights, can be easily observed, since if the sky were absolutely dark, one would not be able to see the silhouette of an object against the sky.

The intensity of the sky varies greatly over the day and the primary cause differs as well. During daytime when the sun is above the horizon direct scattering of sunlight (Rayleigh scattering) is the overwhelmingly dominant source of light. In twilight, the period of time between sunset and sunrise, the situation is more complicated and a further differentiation is required. Twilight is divided in three segments according to how far the sun is below the horizon in segments of 6°.

After sunset the civil twilight sets in, and ends when the sun drops more than 6° below the horizon. This is followed by the nautical twilight, when the sun reaches heights of -6° and -12°, after which comes the astronomical twilight defined as the period from -12° to -18°. When the sun drops more than 18° below the horizon the sky generally attains its minimum brightness.

Several sources can be identified as the source of the intrinsic brightness of the sky, namely airglow, indirect scattering of sunlight, scattering of starlight, and artificial light pollution.
Visual presentation
Paranal Observatory Nights.[2]

Stars are, depending on how dark the sky is, hundreds or thousands of white pinpoints of light in an otherwise black sky.[3] To the naked eye, they all appear to be equidistant on a dome above the earth because stars are much too far away for stereopsis to offer any depth cues. Visible stars range in color from blue (hot) to red (cold), but with such small points of faint light, most look white because they stimulate the rod cells without triggering the cone cells. If it is particularly dark and a particularly faint celestial object is of interest, averted vision may be helpful.

The stars of the night sky cannot be counted unaided because they are so numerous and there is no way to track which have been counted and which have not. Further complicating the count, fainter stars may appear and disappear depending on exactly where the observer is looking. The result is an impression of an extraordinarily vast star field.

Because stargazing is best done from a dark place away from city lights, dark adaptation is important to achieve and maintain. It takes several minutes for eyes to adjust to the darkness necessary for seeing the most stars, and surroundings on the ground are hard to discern. A red flashlight (torch) can be used to illuminate star charts, telescope parts, and the like without undoing the dark adaptation. (See Purkinje effect).
Constellations

Вчерашние школьники сагают тред школьников. Бамп

Отправил рособнадзору ссылку на тред, надеюсь эту парашу прикроют

>>68961719
>В период проведения #ЕГЭ информацию о нарушениях можно направлять на e-mail [email protected] , сообщения по мониторингу интернет-ресурсов на e-mail [email protected]. Адреса эл. почты принадлежат Рособнадзору.

Чего ты такой злой, браток? Заведи тян, что ли. Слезь с маминкой шеи. И добрее станешь!

>>68961772
Ловите школьника

>>68961603
Нет проблем,ты тоже если что делись.

>>68961820
Школьник ловит школьника!

>>68961734
The Earth's shadow or Earth shadow (also sometimes known as the dark segment) are names for the shadow that the Earth itself casts on its atmosphere. This shadow is often visible from the surface of the Earth, as a dark band in the sky near the horizon. This atmospheric phenomenon can sometimes be seen twice a day, around the times of sunset and sunrise.

Whereas the phenomenon of night (a function of being in the shadow of the Earth) is very familiar to all, the effect of the Earth's shadow on the atmosphere is quite often visible in the sky, and yet often goes unrecognized. This shadow is visible to observers as it falls on the atmosphere of the Earth during the twilight hours. When the weather conditions and the observer's viewing point permit a clear sight of the horizon, the shadow can be seen as a dark blue or greyish-blue band.

Assuming the sky is clear, the Earth's shadow is visible in the opposite half of the sky to the sunset or sunrise, and is seen right above the horizon as a dark blue band. A related phenomenon is the "Belt of Venus" or "anti-twilight arch" (sometimes written as "antitwilight arch"), a pink band that is visible above the dark blue of the Earth's shadow, in the same part of the sky. No defined line divides the Earth's shadow and the Belt of Venus; one colored band blends into the other in the sky.
The Earth's shadow or Earth shadow (also sometimes known as the dark segment) are names for the shadow that the Earth itself casts on its atmosphere. This shadow is often visible from the surface of the Earth, as a dark band in the sky near the horizon. This atmospheric phenomenon can sometimes be seen twice a day, around the times of sunset and sunrise.

Whereas the phenomenon of night (a function of being in the shadow of the Earth) is very familiar to all, the effect of the Earth's shadow on the atmosphere is quite often visible in the sky, and yet often goes unrecognized. This shadow is visible to observers as it falls on the atmosphere of the Earth during the twilight hours. When the weather conditions and the observer's viewing point permit a clear sight of the horizon, the shadow can be seen as a dark blue or greyish-blue band.

Assuming the sky is clear, the Earth's shadow is visible in the opposite half of the sky to the sunset or sunrise, and is seen right above the horizon as a dark blue band. A related phenomenon is the "Belt of Venus" or "anti-twilight arch" (sometimes written as "antitwilight arch"), a pink band that is visible above the dark blue of the Earth's shadow, in the same part of the sky. No defined line divides the Earth's shadow and the Belt of Venus; one colored band blends into the other in the sky.

>>68961852
А вот тебе хуй

1982–1986: Gründungsjahre

Studioalben: Debil, Im Schatten der Ärzte

Felsenheimer (Bela B.) und Vetter (Farin Urlaub) lernten sich 1981 in der Diskothek Ballhaus Spandau kennen. Da dem Gitarristen von Felsenheimers damaliger Punkband, Soilent Grün, die Gitarre gestohlen worden war, ersetzte Farin dessen Position. Als sich die Band nur ein Jahr später auflöste, gründeten Felsenheimer und Vetter zusammen mit dem Bassisten Sahnie (bürgerlich Hans Runge) ‚Die Ärzte‘. Nach eigenem Bekunden der Band wählten sie den Bandnamen aus keinem bestimmten Grund. Allerdings existieren, nicht zuletzt aufgrund eigener, zumeist humorvoller Bemerkungen der Bandmitglieder, verschiedene Theorien über die Namensherkunft: Eine der populären Mutmaßungen besagt, dass Bela B. in den alphabetisch sortierten Regalen der Plattenläden stets eine Band mit dem Anfangsbuchstaben Ä vermisst hatte. Ihr erstes Konzert gaben Die Ärzte im September 1982 in einem besetzten Haus am Heinrichplatz in Kreuzberg,[1] kleinere Fernsehauftritte und der Gewinn des mit 10.000 DM dotierten Rock-Wettbewerbs des Berliner Senats schlossen sich an.[2] Mit Hilfe des Preisgeldes nahmen die Ärzte die Mini-LP Uns geht’s prima… auf, die im Jahr 1984 unter dem Berliner Label Vielklang veröffentlicht wurde. Durch einen Hinweis des damals auch als Musikproduzent arbeitenden Jim Rakete nahm die CBS Schallplatten GmbH Die Ärzte unter Vertrag.
Aktuelles Bandlogo

Die Ärzte sollten erst einmal eine EP aufnehmen. Anhand dieser wollte die Plattenfirma die Konditionen des Vertrages aushandeln. Allerdings nahmen Die Ärzte in der ihnen zur Verfügung gestellten Zeit ein ganzes Album, Debil, auf, um damit die Plattenfirma zu beeindrucken.[3] Es stellt den ersten größeren Erfolg der Band dar und gilt heute als ihr Durchbruchsalbum.

Um eine anschließende finanzielle Durststrecke zu überwinden, spielten Die Ärzte im Jahr 1985 in dem deutschen Spielfilm Richy Guitar mit, in dem Vetter, Felsenheimer und Runge die Rolle einer Band auf der Suche nach Erfolg verkörpern.[4]

Ebenfalls 1985 veröffentlichten Die Ärzte ihr zweites Studioalbum Im Schatten der Ärzte, das auch erstmals die Charts erreichte.

Bassist Sahnie steuerte zum Album nur ein einziges Lied bei, Wie ein Kind, das eigentlich Micha Suurbier geschrieben hatte (Sahnie war damals das einzige Mitglied von Frau Suurbier, das in die GEMA eintrat, und somit war er der offizielle Autor des Liedes). Sahnie verschwieg dies Felsenheimer und Urlaub. Auch seine Bässe spielte Sahnie immer seltener ein, er überließ die Studioarbeit komplett Urlaub und Felsenheimer und dem damaligen Produzenten Micki Meuser. Das Album beinhaltet zudem lediglich einen Song, auf welchem Bela B. Schlagzeug spielt (Käfer), der Rest wurde von Micki Meuser in seinem Beisein programmiert, was in einem sehr wuchtigen Sound resultierte (bestes Beispiel: Rennen, nicht laufen!).[5]

Nur ein Jahr später, während der Produktion des dritten Albums Die Ärzte, verließ der Bassist Sahnie wegen persönlicher Differenzen die Band: Urlaub und Felsenheimer hatten ihm immer häufiger den Vorwurf gemacht, er kümmere sich nicht ausreichend um die Musik und spiele nur noch wegen der Groupies und des Geldes in der Band. Zudem galt er als sehr unzuverlässig, da sein BWL-Studium viel Zeit verschlang und er darauf bestand, die Termine der Band deswegen nach ihm auszurichten. Als er von Urlaub forderte, Bela B. solle aus der Band geworfen werden und die Band brauche sein Gesicht, entbrannte ein Streit unter den Mitgliedern, in dessen Folge Sahnie aus der Band entlassen wurde.
1986–1988: Indizierungen, DDR und Auflösung

Studioalben: Die Ärzte, Das ist nicht die ganze Wahrheit…

Bereits 1986 folgte die Veröffentlichung des dritten Studioalbums Die Ärzte, die Bass-Sequenzen des Albums wurden vom Produzenten Manfred Praeker eingespielt. Als Live-Bassist stieß Hagen Liebing alias „The Incredible Hagen“ zur Band. Am 27. Januar 1987 wurde das Album wegen des Liedes „Geschwisterliebe“ indiziert. Außerdem wurde am 10. Juni 1987 das damals schon drei Jahre alte Debütalbum Debil wegen der Texte zu Claudia hat ’nen Schäferhund und Schlaflied indiziert. Der Karstadt-Konzern nahm nach der Indizierung der beiden Alben das ganze Programm der Band aus dem Sortiment; Fernsehauftritte gestalteten sich für Die Ärzte in dieser Zeit zunehmend schwieriger. Ein finanzielles Desaster zeichnete sich ab, so dass bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der Band erstmals über eine Auflösung nachgedacht wurde: Die Mitglieder besaßen keinerlei finanzielle Polster und sowohl die Einnahmen aus den CD- und LP-Verkäufen als auch die Erträge der GEMA-Rechteverwertung waren stark zurückgegangen.

Als Reaktion auf die Indizierung der Stücke veröffentlichten die Ärzte 1987 die Mini-LP Ab 18, die, neben einigen anderen, alle bislang indizierten Lieder enthielt und forcierten somit (erfolgreich) eine erneute Indizierung eines ihrer Alben. Annähernd gleichzeitig versuchten sich Die Ärzte auch wieder an einem regulären Studioalbum.

Mit einer deutschen Version von Walk Like an Egyptian von The Bangles erschien eine Single, die auch des Öfteren im Radio gespielt wurde. Doch die Aufnahmen zum nächsten Album liefen alles andere als erfolgreich, die Band schien ausgebrannt zu sein und kam nur mit mittelmäßigen Songs ins Studio. Als Reaktion darauf entschieden sie, ein Album aus vorwiegend alten Stücken zu produzieren und lediglich zwei von insgesamt sieben neuen Stücken und die deutsche Version von Walk Like an Egyptian, Gehn wie ein Ägypter, aufzunehmen. So wurden einige nicht indizierte Lieder der Alben Debil und Die Ärzte auf dem neuen Album erneut als Remixe und in anderen Versionen veröffentlicht.

Produzent war hierbei erstmals Uwe Hoffmann, der bis zum 2003er-Doppelalbum Geräusch alle weiteren Alben der Band produzieren sollte. Das Album nannten sie auch entsprechend einer Kompilation Ist das alles?.[6]

Allerdings missachteten Die Ärzte auch die Indizierungsentscheidung der BPjM: Anlässlich eines Konzertes 1988 in Kleve spielten die Ärzte eine Instrumentalversion des Liedes Geschwisterliebe und wurden daraufhin durch das örtliche Amtsgericht in einem Strafverfahren wegen Verstoßes gegen die Indizierungsentscheidung zu jeweils 1.000 DM hohen Geldstrafen verurteilt. Tatsächlich hatten Die Ärzte lediglich in der letzten Zeile des Stückes das Wort „Liebe“ mitgesungen. Nicht zuletzt ein inoffiziell gefertigtes Bootleg (und heute durchaus begehrtes Samml

>>68961734
>>68961696
Заебись вайпать без пасскода?

>>68961725
Ути как мы закукарекали, а ведь минут 5 назад петушились, что оценивать человека по одному параметру необъективно, ну повесели ещё, клоун.

Я школьник, ловите меня.

>>68961881
The Earth's shadow (as it is cast onto the atmosphere) can be observed during the twilight hours, assuming the sky is clear and the horizon is relatively unobstructed. At sunset the Earth's shadow is visible opposite the sunset in the eastern sky, just above the horizon. The shadow shows as a dark blue band that stretches over 180° of the horizon.[1][2] It is most noticeable at the antisolar point, exactly opposite the sunset.

At sunrise, the Earth's shadow is seen in a similar way, but in the western sky. The Earth's shadow is best observed when there is a low horizon (such as over the sea), and when the sky conditions are very clear. In addition, the higher up an observer is standing to view the horizon, the sharper the shadow appears.[1][2]

At sunrise, the Earth's shadow can be seen to set as the sun itself rises, and at sunset, the Earth's shadow rises as the sun sets.[1]
Belt of Venus
Full moon rising, as seen through the Belt of Venus. A very small part of the Earth's shadow (dark blue) is also visible in this image, but the horizon here is too high to see more of the Earth's shadow.
Main article: Belt of Venus

In the right viewing conditions, a pink (or orange or purple) band is visible in the twilight sky just above the dark blue band of the Earth's shadow. This pink band is called the "anti-twilight arch" or "Belt of Venus". The name "Belt of Venus" is not connected with the planet Venus; the Belt of Venus is part of Earth's upper atmosphere which is illuminated by the setting or rising sun. It is visible either after the sun ceases to be visible (at sunset) or before the sun becomes visible (at sunrise).[1][2]

The Belt of Venus is quite a different phenomenon from the afterglow, which appears in the geometrically opposite part of the sky.
Color

When the sun is near the horizon at sunset or sunrise, the light from the sun is red; this is because the light is reaching the observer through an especially thick layer of the atmosphere, which works as a filter, scattering all but the red light.

From the viewpoint of the observer, the red sunlight directly illuminates small particles in the lower atmosphere on the other side of the sky from the sun. The red light is backscattered to the observer, and that is why the Belt of Venus appears pink.

The lower the sunset sun descends, the less clearly distinguished the boundary between the Earth's shadow and Belt of Venus becomes. This is because now the setting sun illuminates a thinner part of the upper atmosphere. The red light is not scattered there because there are fewer particles, and the eye only sees the "normal" (usual) blue sky, which is due to Rayleigh scattering from air molecules. Eventually, both the Earth's shadow and the Belt of Venus dissolve into the darkness of the night sky.[2]

>>68961896
Могу подключить многопоточную вайпалку, но пока ловлю лулзы с тупых школьников, не буду.
мимо

>>68961917
Иди нахуй быдло

>>68961922
The Earth's shadow or umbra is as curved as the planet Earth is, and it extends hundreds of thousands of miles into space (the antumbra, however, extends indefinitely). When the Sun, the Earth and the Moon are aligned perfectly (or almost perfectly), with the Earth in between the Sun and the Moon, the Earth's shadow falls onto the surface of the Moon which is facing the night side of the Earth, such that observers see the shadow gradually turn the bright full Moon dark, and then light again, creating a lunar eclipse.

During a lunar eclipse, a very small amount of light from the sun does however still reach the Moon, even when the lunar eclipse is total; this is light which has been refracted or bent as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This sunlight has been scattered by the dust in the Earth's atmosphere, and thus that light is red, in the same way that sunset and sunrise light is red. This weak red illumination is what causes the eclipsed Moon to be dimly reddish or copper-colored in appearance.[3]
The Earth's shadow or umbra is as curved as the planet Earth is, and it extends hundreds of thousands of miles into space (the antumbra, however, extends indefinitely). When the Sun, the Earth and the Moon are aligned perfectly (or almost perfectly), with the Earth in between the Sun and the Moon, the Earth's shadow falls onto the surface of the Moon which is facing the night side of the Earth, such that observers see the shadow gradually turn the bright full Moon dark, and then light again, creating a lunar eclipse.

During a lunar eclipse, a very small amount of light from the sun does however still reach the Moon, even when the lunar eclipse is total; this is light which has been refracted or bent as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This sunlight has been scattered by the dust in the Earth's atmosphere, and thus that light is red, in the same way that sunset and sunrise light is red. This weak red illumination is what causes the eclipsed Moon to be dimly reddish or copper-colored in appearance.[3]
The Earth's shadow or umbra is as curved as the planet Earth is, and it extends hundreds of thousands of miles into space (the antumbra, however, extends indefinitely). When the Sun, the Earth and the Moon are aligned perfectly (or almost perfectly), with the Earth in between the Sun and the Moon, the Earth's shadow falls onto the surface of the Moon which is facing the night side of the Earth, such that observers see the shadow gradually turn the bright full Moon dark, and then light again, creating a lunar eclipse.

During a lunar eclipse, a very small amount of light from the sun does however still reach the Moon, even when the lunar eclipse is total; this is light which has been refracted or bent as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This sunlight has been scattered by the dust in the Earth's atmosphere, and thus that light is red, in the same way that sunset and sunrise light is red. This weak red illumination is what causes the eclipsed Moon to be dimly reddish or copper-colored in appearance.[3]

>>68961967
Midnight marks the beginning and ending of each day in civil time throughout the world. It is the dividing point between one day and another. With 12-hour time notation, authorities recommend avoiding confusion between noon and midnight by using "midnight", "12 midnight", "12 mi", or "12:00 midnight."[1]

In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers commonly display 12 a.m. right after midnight. While that phrase may be used practically, it helps to understand that any particular time is actually an instant. The "a.m." shown on clock displays refers to the 12-hour period following the instant of midnight, not to the instant itself, because at that time you are looking at clocks midnight has already passed and the period before noon (a.m.) of a new day has begun. In other words, 11:59 p.m. shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight it changes to 12:00. Simultaneously, the p.m. changes to a.m., though, strictly speaking, a.m. does not apply to the instant of midnight which separates p.m. and a.m. In 24-hour time notation, "0:00" and "0:00:00" refer to midnight at the start of a given date. Some styles, such as ISO 8601, allow 24:00 to refer to the end of a day. Noon is 12:00:00.
One way for a digital clock to show midnight

While computers and digital clocks display "12:00 a.m." and "12:00 p.m.", those notations provide no clear and unambiguous way to distinguish between midnight and noon. Strictly speaking, it is actually incorrect to use "a.m." and "p.m." when referring to noon or midnight (12:00). The abbreviation a.m. stands for ante meridiem or before noon and p.m. stands for post meridiem or after noon. Since noon is neither after noon nor before noon, and midnight can equally be twelve hours before and after noon, neither abbreviation is correct (although the length of the error is determined by the smallest unit of time — 12:00:01 p.m. would be correctly notated, however it can't be read as "12 hours and 1 second has passed after noon").

The most common ways to represent these times are, (a) to use a 24-hour clock (00:00 and 12:00, 24:00), (b) to use "12 noon" or "12 midnight", although unless the person is referring to a general time and not a specific day, "12 midnight" is still ambiguous, (c) to specify the time between two successive days or dates (Midnight Saturday/Sunday or Midnight December 14/15), and (d) to use "12:01 a.m." or "11:59 p.m.," as is used where the ambiguity can have serious consequences, such as in contracts and insurance policies.[1]

The thirtieth edition of the U.S. Government Style Manual (2008) sections 9.54 and 12.9b recommends the use of "12 a.m." for midnight and "12 p.m." for noon.[2][3][nb 1] Some religious calendars continue to begin the day at another time — for example, at sunset in the Hebrew calendar and the Islamic calendar.

англ. International Committee of the Red Cross; ICRC, фр. Comité international de la Croix-Rouge) — гуманитарная организация, осуществляющая свою деятельность во всём мире, исходя из принципа нейтральности и беспристрастности. Она предоставляет защиту и оказывает помощь пострадавшим в вооружённых конфликтах и внутренних беспорядках, является составной частью Международного Движения Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца.

В 1864 году состоялась первая международная Конференция Международный комитет Красного Креста[1].

Штаб-квартира находится в Женеве.

Содержание

1 История
2 О МККК
3 Мандат МККК
4 Структура
5 Финансирование и бюджет
6 Персонал МККК
7 Основополагающие принципы
8 Критика
9 См. также
10 Примечания
11 Ссылки

История

Швейцарский писатель и журналист Анри Дюнан в 1859 году стал случайным свидетелем битвы при Сольферино между объединёнными войсками Франции, Пьемонта и Сардинии с одной стороны и австрийской армии с другой. Дюнана потрясли картины кровопролития и человеческих страданий. После возвращения в Женеву Дюнан написал книгу «Воспоминание о битве при Сольферино» и решил сделать все возможное, чтобы в дальнейшем уменьшить страдания воинов[2].

Книга получила серьезные отклики, в итоге в феврале 1863 года благотворительная организация «Женевское общество благоденствия» сформировала комитет из пяти человек, перед которым была поставлена задача рассмотреть предложения Дюнана. Позднее, в том же году, в Женеве была созвана международная конференция, на которой и был основан Красный Крест. В качестве эмблемы общества был выбран швейцарский флаг, на котором цвет красного поля был изменён на белый, а цвет белого креста — на красный. Комитет пяти впоследствии получил название «Международный Комитет Красного Креста» (МККК)[2].
О МККК

Международный комитет Красного Креста (МККК) видит свою задачу в том, чтобы предоставлять защиту и оказывать помощь пострадавшим в вооружённых конфликтах и внутренних беспорядках. Принцип, которым руководствуется МККК, заключается в том, что даже война должна вестись в определённых рамках, накладывающих ограничения на методы и средства ведения военных действий и поведение воюющих сторон. Свод основанных на этом принципе правил составляет международное гуманитарное право, в основе которого лежат Женевские конвенции. Женевские конвенции подписали все государства мира, что делает их наиболее универсальными из всех международных соглашений.

Международный комитет Красного Креста (МККК) — независимая и нейтральная организация. Согласно мандату, предоставленному Международному комитету Красного Креста мировым сообществом, и руководствуясь принципом беспристрастности, организация оказывает помощь лицам, содержащимся под стражей, больным, раненым и гражданским лицам, пострадавшим в результате вооружённых конфликтов.

Представительства организации, где в общей сложности работают более 12 тысяч человек, расположены почти в 80 странах мира. В ситуациях вооружённых конфликтов МККК координирует деятельность национальных обществ Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца и объединяющей их Международной Федерации.

МККК, национальные общества и Международная Федерация составляют Международное Движение Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца.[3]

>>68961954
Запускай давай. Еще один тред создадим

>>68961999
Nightlife is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It may include pubs, bars, nightclubs, parties, live music, concerts, cabarets, theatre, cinemas, shows, and some restaurants. These venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult-oriented than daytime entertainment. People who prefer to be active during the night-time are called night owls.[citation needed]
Nightlife is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It may include pubs, bars, nightclubs, parties, live music, concerts, cabarets, theatre, cinemas, shows, and some restaurants. These venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult-oriented than daytime entertainment. People who prefer to be active during the night-time are called night owls.[citation needed]
Nightlife is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It may include pubs, bars, nightclubs, parties, live music, concerts, cabarets, theatre, cinemas, shows, and some restaurants. These venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult-oriented than daytime entertainment. People who prefer to be active during the night-time are called night owls.[citation needed]

>>68961772
Вчера был школьник, сегодня я первак.

иммунитет от судебного вмешательства.

МККК — беспристрастная, нейтральная и независимая организация, занимающаяся выполнением исключительно гуманитарной миссии по защите жизни и достоинства жертв войны и внутреннего насилия и оказанию помощи пострадавшим.

МККК занимается координацией усилий Международного Движения Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца по оказанию гуманитарной помощи в ситуации вооружённого конфликта и распространению знаний о международном гуманитарном праве и универсальных гуманитарных принципах с целью предотвращения страданий людей.

МККК был трижды удостоен Нобелевской премии мира — в 1917, 1944 и 1963 годах.
Структура

Согласно Уставу МККК[4]:

является независимой гуманитарной организацией, обладающей особым статусом;
является одной из составных частей Международного движения Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца;
является ассоциацией, деятельность которой определяется статьёй 60 и следующими за ней статьями Гражданского кодекса Швейцарии;
является юридическим лицом по законодательству Швейцарии.

В члены МККК могут быть кооптированы граждане Швейцарии, число членов комитета — от 15 до 25. МККК вправе избирать почётных членов.

Основные органы управления МККК[5]:

Ассамблея (верховный орган управления)
Совет Ассамблеи (орган, действующий по поручению Ассамблеи)
Президент и его заместители (обеспечивают деятельность Ассамблеи, Совета Ассамблеи и несут ответственность за внешние связи МККК)
Директорат (исполнительный орган, состоит из Генерального директора и трёх директоров)
Контрольный орган.

Президент МККК — Петер Маурер.
Финансирование и бюджет

МККК финансируется за счёт добровольных пожертвований, которые делают государства-участники Женевских конвенций (правительства), национальные общества Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца, межгосударственные организации (например, Европейская комиссия), а также общественные и частные структуры.

В конце каждого года МККК проводит кампанию по сбору средств для финансирования как деятельности штаб-квартиры, так и операций, осуществляемых на местах. Оперативная, статистическая и финансовая информация по расходованию средств находит своё отражение в годовом отчёте организации.[6]
Персонал МККК

Более 1200 делегатов и специалистов различного профиля работают сегодня в делегациях МККК в различных странах мира. В выполнении поставленных задач им помогают около 9 000 местных сотрудников и почти 800 сотрудников штаб-квартиры МККК в Женеве. Для работы в МККК необходимы такие качества, как командный дух, любовь к межкультурному общению, а также умение взаимодействовать с самыми разными людьми, бороться со стрессом и находить выход из сложных ситуаций.[7] Для своей работы МККК привлекает добровольцев (волонтёров). 2001 год был объявлен годом волонтёров.
Основополагающие принципы
Основная статья: Международное Движение Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца#Основополагающие принципы

Международный комитет Красного Креста придерживается фундаментальных принципов Международного движения Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца, основанные на стремлении людей к миру и согласию и провозглашённые в Вене на ХХ Международной конференции Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца в 1965 году.

Принципы МККК:

Гуманность
Беспристрастность
Нейтральность
Независимость

>>68962035
Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc. Adverse consequences are multiple; some of them may not be known yet. Scientific definitions thus include the following:

Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light.[1]
Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment owing to artificial light sources.[2]

Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (from those present naturally) due to man-made sources of light. Indoor light pollution is such alteration of light levels in the indoor environment due to sources of light, which compromises human health.[3]
Light pollution is the introduction by humans, directly or indirectly, of artificial light into the environment.[4]

The first three of the above four scientific definitions describe the state of the environment. The fourth (and newest) one describes the process of polluting by light.

Light pollution competes with starlight in the night sky for urban residents, interferes with astronomical observatories,[5] and, like any other form of pollution, disrupts ecosystems and has adverse health effects. Light pollution can be divided into two main types:[citation needed]

Unpleasant light that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light setting
Excessive light (generally indoors) that leads to discomfort and adverse health effects

Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. It is most severe in highly industrialized, densely populated areas of North America, Europe, and Japan and in major cities in the Middle East and North Africa like Tehran and Cairo, but even relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create problems. Since the early 1980s,[citation needed] a global dark-sky movement has emerged, with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution. The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) is one non-profit advocacy group involved in this movement.

>>68961957
Ох, ты теперь даже на более сложные предложения не способен, как же ИГЭ собираешься сдавать-то?

>>68961290
Лол. Как будто в других странах не так.

ЕБТИ КАК Я ЛЮБЛЮ СЛИВУ

осле поражения революции 1905-07 помощью политическим заключенным занималось Бюро петербургских организаций Политического Красного Креста (председатель — Т. А. Богданович, казначей — Е. И. Бенуа). Пожертвования собирала финансовая комиссия этой организации. Тюремная комиссия занималась помощью заключенным, ссыльным и их семьям, а также организацией побегов. Одной из самых активных организаций в 1910-х гг. была «Группа помощи политическим узникам Шлиссельбурга» (М. Л. Лихтенштадт, А. А. Аристова, А. Я. Бруштейн, Е. В. Познер и др.).

После Февральской революции Политический Красный Крест помогал освобожденным узникам и политическим ссыльным. Было создано «Общество помощи освобожденным политическим».

В 1918 году была создана организация «Московский комитет Политического Красного Креста», известная также как «Московское общество Красного Креста для помощи политическим заключенным» или «Московский Политический Красный Крест» . Его создали Н. К. Муравьев, Е. П. Пешкова и М. Л. Винавер. Организация была узаконена декретом наркома юстиции РСФСР И.Штейнбергом. После 1922 года в связи с арестом Муравьёва организация прекратила своё существование под именем Красного креста.

С 12 июня 1922 г. организация называлась «Помощь политическим заключенным» (разновидности названия: «Помполит», «Политпомощь»).[1] Эта организация по просьбе родственников арестованных по политическим обвинениям наводила справки о том, где они содержатся, осуществляла им материальную помощь, ходатайствовала перед властями об их освобождении. Организация располагалась в доме № 16 на улице Кузнецкий Мост, рядом с приемной ОГПУ (впоследствии номер дома изменился: вместо № 16 — № 24). Она просуществовала до середины 1937 г., когда была распущена приказом наркома внутренних дел Н. И. Ежова. В 1938 году дом организации был опечатан.[1]

С 1924 в основном по 1931 год (последний задокументированный человек в 1934 году) «Помполит» среди прочей правозащитной деятельности помогал cсыльным, принадлежавшим к сионистским партиям, осуществить замену ссылки на выезд в подмандатную Палестину.

Формально «Помполит» прекратил свою деятельность только 15 июля 1938 года.[2]
См. также

У меня вечная проблема с сочинениями - аргументацию не подобрать, из-за этого постоянно сливаюсь. Хотя, когда выходит напейсать, учитель говорит: "Молоца, хорошо сделол, тебе надо обязательно пейсать."

С частями А и Б проблем не испытываю.

Есть какие-нибудь хаки, как писать эти сочинения, не выёбываясь на бумаге?

>>68961957
Учи русский язык, быдло.

>>68962088
Over-illumination is the excessive use of light. Specifically within the United States, over-illumination is responsible for approximately two million barrels of oil per day in energy wasted.[citation needed] This is based upon U.S. consumption of equivalent of 18.8 million barrels per day (2,990,000 m3/d) of petroleum.[11] It is further noted in the same U.S. Department of Energy source that over 30% of all primary energy is consumed by commercial, industrial and residential sectors. Energy audits of existing buildings demonstrate that the lighting component of residential, commercial and industrial uses consumes about 20–40% of those land uses, variable with region and land use. (Residential use lighting consumes only 10–30% of the energy bill while commercial buildings major use is lighting.[12]) Thus lighting energy accounts for about four or five million barrels of oil (equivalent) per day. Again energy audit data demonstrates that about 30–60% of energy consumed in lighting is unneeded or gratuitous.[13]

An alternative calculation starts with the fact that commercial building lighting consumes in excess of 81.68 terawatts (1999 data) of electricity,[14] according to the U.S. DOE. Thus commercial lighting alone consumes about four to five million barrels per day (equivalent) of petroleum, in line with the alternate rationale above to estimate U.S. lighting energy consumption.

Over-illumination stems from several factors:

Not using timers, occupancy sensors or other controls to extinguish lighting when not needed;
Improper design, especially of workplace spaces, by specifying higher levels of light than needed for a given task;
Incorrect choice of fixtures or light bulbs, which do not direct light into areas as needed;
Improper selection of hardware to utilize more energy than needed to accomplish the lighting task;
Incomplete training of building managers and occupants to use lighting systems efficiently;
Inadequate lighting maintenance resulting in increased stray light and energy costs;
"Daylight lighting" demanded by citizens to reduce crime or by shop owners to attract customers;[15]
Substitution of old mercury lamps with more efficient sodium or metal halide lamps using the same electrical power; and
Indirect lighting techniques, such as illuminating a vertical wall to bounce light onto the ground.

Most of these issues can be readily corrected with available, inexpensive technology, and with resolution of landlord/tenant practices that create barriers to rapid correction of these matters. Most importantly, public awareness would need to improve for industrialized countries to realize the large payoff in reducing over-illumination.

In certain cases an over-illumination lighting technique may be needed. For example, indirect lighting is often used to obtain a "softer" look, since hard direct lighting is generally found less desirable for certain surfaces, such as skin. The indirect lighting method is perceived as more cozy and suits bars, restaurants and living quarters. It is also possible to block the direct lighting effect by adding softening filters or other solutions, though intensity will be reduced.

>>68961772
В августе буду уже студент, нынче — ни то, ни это.

>>68962155
Glare can be categorized into different types. One such classification is described in a book by Bob Mizon, coordinator for the British Astronomical Association's Campaign for Dark Skies.[16] According to this classification:

Blinding glare describes effects such as that caused by staring into the Sun. It is completely blinding and leaves temporary or permanent vision deficiencies.
Disability glare describes effects such as being blinded by oncoming car lights, or light scattering in fog or in the eye, reducing contrast, as well as reflections from print and other dark areas that render them bright, with significant reduction in sight capabilities.
Discomfort glare does not typically cause a dangerous situation in itself, though it is annoying and irritating at best. It can potentially cause fatigue if experienced over extended periods.

According to Mario Motta, president of the Massachusetts Medical Society, "... glare from bad lighting is a public-health hazard—especially the older you become. Glare light scattering in the eye causes loss of contrast and leads to unsafe driving conditions, much like the glare on a dirty windshield from low-angle sunlight or the high beams from an oncoming car."[17] In essence bright and/or badly shielded lights around roads can partially blind drivers or pedestrians and contribute to accidents.

The blinding effect is caused in large part by reduced contrast due to light scattering in the eye by excessive brightness, or to reflection of light from dark areas in the field of vision, with luminance similar to the background luminance. This kind of glare is a particular instance of disability glare, called veiling glare. (This is not the same as loss of accommodation of night vision which is caused by the direct effect of the light itself on the eye.)
Glare can be categorized into different types. One such classification is described in a book by Bob Mizon, coordinator for the British Astronomical Association's Campaign for Dark Skies.[16] According to this classification:

Blinding glare describes effects such as that caused by staring into the Sun. It is completely blinding and leaves temporary or permanent vision deficiencies.
Disability glare describes effects such as being blinded by oncoming car lights, or light scattering in fog or in the eye, reducing contrast, as well as reflections from print and other dark areas that render them bright, with significant reduction in sight capabilities.
Discomfort glare does not typically cause a dangerous situation in itself, though it is annoying and irritating at best. It can potentially cause fatigue if experienced over extended periods.

According to Mario Motta, president of the Massachusetts Medical Society, "... glare from bad lighting is a public-health hazard—especially the older you become. Glare light scattering in the eye causes loss of contrast and leads to unsafe driving conditions, much like the glare on a dirty windshield from low-angle sunlight or the high beams from an oncoming car."[17] In essence bright and/or badly shielded lights around roads can partially blind drivers or pedestrians and contribute to accidents.

The blinding effect is caused in large part by reduced contrast due to light scattering in the eye by excessive brightness, or to reflection of light from dark areas in the field of vision, with luminance similar to the background luminance. This kind of glare is a particular instance of disability glare, called veiling glare. (This is not the same as loss of accommodation of night vision which is caused by the direct effect of the light itself on the eye.)

>>68962124
МОАР!!!

Пилите перекат!

>>68962194
ONE MORE TIME... Ohh...

Skyglow refers to the glow effect that can be seen over populated areas. It is the combination of all light reflected from what it has illuminated escaping up into the sky and from all of the badly directed light in that area that also escapes into the sky, being scattered (redirected) by the atmosphere back toward the ground. This scattering is very strongly related to the wavelength of the light when the air is very clear (with very little aerosols). Rayleigh scattering dominates in such clear air, making the sky appear blue in the daytime. When there is significant aerosol (typical of most modern polluted conditions), the scattered light has less dependence on wavelength, making a whiter daytime sky. Because of this Rayleigh effect, and because of the eye's increased sensitivity to white or blue-rich light sources when adapted to very low light levels (see Purkinje effect), white or blue-rich light contributes significantly more to sky-glow than an equal amount of yellow light. Sky glow is of particular irritation to astronomers, because it reduces contrast in the night sky to the extent where it may even become impossible to see any but the brightest stars.

The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, originally published in Sky & Telescope magazine,[19][20] is sometimes used (by groups like the U.S. National Park Service[21]) to quantify skyglow and general sky clarity. The nine-class scale rates the darkness of the night sky and the visibility of its phenomena, such as the gegenschein and the zodiacal light (easily masked by skyglow), providing a detailed description of each level on the scale (with Class 1 being the best).

Light is particularly problematic for amateur astronomers, whose ability to observe the night sky from their property is likely to be inhibited by any stray light from nearby. Most major optical astronomical observatories are surrounded by zones of strictly enforced restrictions on light emissions.

Direct skyglow is reduced by selecting lighting fixtures which limit the amount of light emitted more than 90° above the nadir. The IESNA definitions include full cutoff (0%), cutoff (2.5%), and semi-cutoff (5%). Indirect skyglow produced by reflections from vertical and horizontal surfaces is harder to manage; the only effective method for preventing it is by minimizing over-illumination. But it has to be taken into account that, according to late 2010 publications, Italian regions using full cut off lighting only does not increase skyglow.[22] Anyway light reflected upwards by dark surfaces such as roads or building can be considered as minor, so debate about contribution of indirect skyglow will last long.

Skyglow is made considerably worse when clouds are present.[23] While this has no effect on astronomical observations (which are not possible at visible wavelengths under cloud cover), it is very important in the context of ecological light pollution. Since cloudy nights can be up to ten times brighter than clear nights, any organisms that are affected by sky glow (e.g. zooplankton and fish that visually prey on them) are much more likely to have their ordinary behavior disturbed on cloudy nights.

Мне интересно, почему быдлу так пердень разворотило?

>>68962226
Let me sage you one more time!

<sup>Measuring the effect of sky glow on a global scale is a complex procedure. The natural atmosphere is not completely dark, even in the absence of terrestrial sources of light and illumination from the Moon. This is caused by two main sources: airglow and scattered light.

At high altitudes, primarily above the mesosphere, there is enough UV radiation from the sun of very short wavelength to cause ionization. When the ions collide with electrically neutral particles they recombine and emit photons in the process, causing airglow. The degree of ionization is sufficiently large to allow a constant emission of radiation even during the night when the upper atmosphere is in the Earth's shadow. Lower in the atmosphere all of the solar photons with energies above the ionization potential of N2 and O2 have already been absorbed by the higher layers and thus no appreciable ionization occurs.

Apart from emitting light, the sky also scatters incoming light, primarily from distant stars and the Milky Way, but also the zodiacal light, sunlight that is reflected and backscattered from interplanetary dust particles.

The amount of airglow and zodiacal light is quite variable (depending, amongst other things on sunspot activity and the Solar cycle) but given optimal conditions the darkest possible sky has a brightness of about 22 magnitude/square arcsecond. If a full moon is present, the sky brightness increases to about 18 magnitude/sq. arcsecond depending on local atmospheric transparency, 40 times brighter than the darkest sky. In densely populated areas a sky brightness of 17 magnitude/sq. arcsecond is not uncommon, or as much as 100 times brighter than is natural.

To precisely measure how bright the sky gets, night time satellite imagery of the earth is used as raw input for the number and intensity of light sources. These are put into a physical model[24] of scattering due to air molecules and aerosoles to calculate cumulative sky brightness. Maps that show the enhanced sky brightness have been prepared for the entire world.[25]

Inspection of the area surrounding Madrid reveals that the effects of light pollution caused by a single large conglomeration can be felt up to 100 km (62 mi) away from the center.[citation needed] Global effects of light pollution are also made obvious. The entire area consisting of southern England, Netherlands, Belgium, west Germany, and northern France have a sky brightness of at least 2 to 4 times above normal (see above right). The only places in continental Europe where the sky can attain its natural darkness is in northern Scandinavia and in islands far from the continent.

In North America the situation is comparable. There is a significant problem with light pollution ranging from the Canadian Maritime Provinces to the American Southwest.[citation needed]

Light pollution in Hong Kong was declared the 'worst on the planet' in March 2013.[26]</sup>

11

>>68962224
Какой, нахуй, перекат?

>>68962279
Energy waste
Christmas lights in California.

Lighting is responsible for one-fourth of all electricity consumption worldwide,[citation needed] and case studies have shown that several forms of over-illumination constitute energy wastage, including non-beneficial upward direction of night-time lighting. In 2007, Terna, the company responsible for managing electricity flow in Italy, reported a saving of 645.2 million kWh in electricity consumption during the daylight saving period from April to October. It attributes this saving to the delayed need for artificial lighting during the evenings.[27][not in citation given]

In Australia,

... public lighting is the single largest source of local government's greenhouse gas emissions, typically accounting for 30 to 50% of their emissions. There are 1.94 million public lights — one for every 10 Australians — that annually cost A$210 million, use 1,035 GWh of electricity and are responsible for 1.15 million tonnes of CO2 emissions.

Current public lighting in Australia, particularly for minor roads and streets, uses large amounts of energy and financial resources, while often failing to provide high quality lighting. There are many ways to improve lighting quality while reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions as well as lowering costs.[28]

Effects on animal and human health and psychology
Main article: Over-illumination
Main article: Ecological light pollution
Streetlights in the skiing resort Kastelruth in South Tyrol.

Medical research on the effects of excessive light on the human body suggests that a variety of adverse health effects may be caused by light pollution or excessive light exposure, and some lighting design textbooks[29] use human health as an explicit criterion for proper interior lighting. Health effects of over-illumination or improper spectral composition of light may include: increased headache incidence, worker fatigue, medically defined stress, decrease in sexual function and increase in anxiety.[30][31][32][33] Likewise, animal models have been studied demonstrating unavoidable light to produce adverse effect on mood and anxiety.[34] For those who need to be awake at night, light at night also has an acute effect on alertness and mood.[35]

In 2007, "shift work that involves circadian disruption" was listed as a probable carcinogen by the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer. (IARC Press release No. 180).[36][37] Multiple studies have documented a correlation between night shift work and the increased incidence of breast and prostate cancer.[38][39][40][41][42][43]

A more recent discussion (2009), written by Professor Steven Lockley, Harvard Medical School, can be found in the CfDS handbook "Blinded by the Light?".[44] Chapter 4, "Human health implications of light pollution" states that "... light intrusion, even if dim, is likely to have measurable effects on sleep disruption and melatonin suppression. Even if these effects are relatively small from night to night, continuous chronic circadian, sleep and hormonal disruption may have longer-term health risks". The New York Academy of Sciences hosted a meeting in 2009 on Circadian Disruption and Cancer.[45]Red light suppresses melatonin the least.[46]

In June 2009, the American Medical Association developed a policy in support of control of light pollution. News about the decision emphasized glare as a public health hazard leading to unsafe driving conditions. Especially in the elderly, glare produces loss of contrast, obscuring night vision.[17]
Disruption of ecosystems

22

>>68962321
И так нормально, куклоскрипт же!

>>68962323
Disruption of ecosystems
Main article: Ecological light pollution

When artificial light affects organisms and ecosystems it is called ecological light pollution. While light at night can be beneficial, neutral, or damaging for individual species, its presence invariably disturbs ecosystems. For example, some species of spiders avoid lit areas, while other species are happy to build their spider web directly on a lamp post. Since lamp posts attract many flying insects, the spiders that don't mind light gain an advantage over the spiders that avoid it. This is a simple example of the way in which species frequencies and food webs can be disturbed by the introduction of light at night.

Light pollution poses a serious threat in particular to nocturnal wildlife, having negative impacts on plant and animal physiology. It can confuse animal navigation, alter competitive interactions, change predator-prey relations, and cause physiological harm.[47] The rhythm of life is orchestrated by the natural diurnal patterns of light and dark, so disruption to these patterns impacts the ecological dynamics.[48]

Studies suggest that light pollution around lakes prevents zooplankton, such as Daphnia, from eating surface algae, causing algal blooms that can kill off the lakes' plants and lower water quality.[49] Light pollution may also affect ecosystems in other ways. For example, lepidopterists and entomologists have documented that nighttime light may interfere with the ability of moths and other nocturnal insects to navigate.[50] Night-blooming flowers that depend on moths for pollination may be affected by night lighting, as there is no replacement pollinator that would not be affected by the artificial light. This can lead to species decline of plants that are unable to reproduce, and change an area's longterm ecology.

A 2009 study[51] also suggests deleterious impacts on animals and ecosystems because of perturbation of polarized light or artificial polarisation of light (even during the day, because direction of natural polarization of sun light and its reflexion is a source of information for a lot of animals). This form of pollution is named polarized light pollution (PLP). Unnatural polarized light sources can trigger maladaptive behaviors in polarization-sensitive taxa and alter ecological interactions.[51]

Lights on tall structures can disorient migrating birds. Estimates by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the number of birds killed after being attracted to tall towers range from 4 to 5 million per year to an order of magnitude higher.[52] The Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) works with building owners in Toronto, Canada and other cities to reduce mortality of birds by turning out lights during migration periods.

Similar disorientation has also been noted for bird species migrating close to offshore production and drilling facilities. Studies carried out by Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij b.v. (NAM) and Shell have led to development and trial of new lighting technologies in the North Sea. In early 2007, the lights were installed on the Shell production platform L15. The experiment proved a great success since the number of birds circling the platform declined by 50 to 90%.[53]

Sea turtle hatchlings emerging from nests on beaches are another casualty of light pollution. It is a common misconception that hatchling sea turtles are attracted to the moon. Rather, they find the ocean by moving away from the dark silhouette of dunes and their vegetation, a behavior with which artificial lights interfere.[54] The breeding activity and reproductive phenology of toads, however, are cued by moonlight.[55] Juvenile seabirds may also be disoriented by lights as they leave their nests and fly out to sea.[56] Amphibians and reptiles are also affected by light pollution. Introduced light sources during normally dark periods can disrupt levels of melatonin production. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates photoperiodic physiology and behaviour. Some species of frogs and salamanders utilize a light-dependent "compass" to orient their migratory behaviour to breeding sites. Introduced light can also cause developmental irregularities, such as retinal damage, reduced sperm production, and genetic mutation.[47][57][58][59][60][61]

In September 2009, the 9th European Dark-Sky Symposium in Armagh, Northern Ireland had a session on the environmental effects of light at night (LAN). It dealt with bats, turtles, the "hidden" harms of LAN, and many other topics.[62] The environmental effects of LAN were mentioned as early as 1897, in a Los Angeles Times article—the text of which can be obtained from Dr. Travis Longcore of the Urban Wildlands Group, California. The following is an excerpt from that article, called "Electricity and English songbirds":

An English journal has become alarmed at the relation of electricity to songbirds, which it maintains is closer than that of cats and fodder crops. How many of us, it asks, foresee that electricity may extirpate the songbird?...With the exception of the finches, all the English songbirds may be said to be insectivorous, and their diet consists chiefly of vast numbers of very small insects which they collect from the grass and herbs before the dew is dry. As the electric light is finding its way for street illumination into the country parts of England, these poor winged atoms are slain by thousands at each light every warm summer evening....The fear is expressed, that when England is lighted from one end to the other with electricity the song birds will die out from the failure of their food supply.[63]

33

Академия ФСБ включает в себя Институт криптографии, связи и информатики (ИКСИ) и институт подготовки оперативного состава (ИПОС) в составе двух факультетов[2]: следственный, контрразведывательный. Также существуют отдельные факультеты: переводческий, заочного обучения, спецфакультет для иностранцев, факультет подготовки руководящих кадров. С 2007 года начальником академии является генерал-полковник В. В. Остроухов.[3]

Содержание

1 История
2 Структура
3 Начальники
4 Учащиеся
5 Выпускники
6 Примечания
7 Ссылки

История

25 января 1921 года президиум ВЧК принял решение о создании в Империи постоянно действующих курсов подготовки оперативного состава. 27 апреля состоялись первые занятия, когда 150 курсантов начали прохождение курсов по подготовке оперативного состава ВЧК. Занятия проходили в старинной усадьбе XVIII века в центре Москвы на Покровке, д. 27. Преподавателями и слушателями были участники проводившихся в то время чекистских операций «Трест» и «Синдикат»[4]. Начальником курсов был назначен М. К. Романовский. День открытия курсов — 26 апреля 1921 года — считается днём начала истории Академии[5]. В 1922 году курсы были преобразованы в Высшие курсы ГПУ.

С мая 1930 года в Москве началось создание школы по подготовке и переподготовке чекистских кадров, которая с 4 июня 1930 года стала называться Центральной школой ОГПУ[6]. 14 июля 1934 года, после образования Народного комиссариата внутренних дел СССР, в состав которого вошли подразделения бывшего ОГПУ, Центральная школа ОГПУ была переименована в Центральную школу Главного управления государственной безопасности НКВД СССР[6].

21 марта 1939 года Центральная школа ГУГБ НКВД СССР реорганизована в Высшую школу НКВД СССР[6].

К началу 1940-х годов каждый третий руководитель советских органов госбезопасности являлся выпускником курсов[4].

В период Великой Отечественной войны в школе было подготовлено более семи тысяч чекистов, ставших организаторами борьбы с фашистами[4]. Шестеро выпускников Высшей школы стали Героями Советского Союза — Д. Н. Медведев, В. А. Молодцов (посмертно), A. M. Рабцевич, В. А. Лягин (посмертно), П. А. Жидков и Е. И. Мирковский[5]. 30 августа 1945 года Высшая школа НКВД указом президиума Верховного Совета СССР была награждена Красным Знаменем и Грамотой.

Постановлением Совета министров СССР от 15 июля 1952 года была образована Высшая школа МГБ СССР как специальное высшее учебное заведение с трёхгодичным сроком обучения слушателей по программе юридических вузов. В апреле 1954 года состоялся выпуск 189 студентов, при этом 37 из них окончили школу с отличием.

Постановлением Совета Министров СССР от 2 августа 1962 года Высшей школе КГБ было присвоено имя Ф. Э. Дзержинского.

Выпускники школы 1960—80-х годов принимали участие в противодействии иностранным спецслужбам и проведении оперативно-боевых мероприятий. Звание Героя Советского Союза за выполнение специальных заданий в Афганистане получили В. Белюженко, Г. Зайцев, В. Карпухин, Б. Соколов[4].
Структура

Как отметил в 2001 году заместитель начальника академии генерал-майор Сергей Колобашкин, научной и преподавательской работой в академии занимаются 40 академиков и членов-корреспондентов различных академий наук, более 100 докторов и 400 кандидатов наук. По его словам, «за пять лет учебы слушатели помимо фундаментальных контрразведывательных знаний получают полноценное юридическое образование, глубокую языковую и военную подготовку»[4].

>>68961090
Внезапно вот этого двачую. Тесты наугад + хорошее сочинение = минимум баллов 50 итоговых.

44

Сап.
Такой вопрос.
Я книги не читаю,к сожалению, но смотрел игру престолов, а она, как известно, снята по книге Джорджа Мартина "Песнь льда и огня".
Это понятно, что я могу считерить и взять аргумент таким способом.
Но у меня такой вопрос: т.к. проверяющие вряд ли читали эту книгу, могу ли я просто выдумать персонажа и историю про него подходящую к моей проблеме ссылаясь на эту книгу?
Они же не смогут проверить это?

ак отметил в 2001 году заместитель начальника академии генерал-майор Сергей Колобашкин, научной и преподавательской работой в академии занимаются 40 академиков и членов-корреспондентов различных академий наук, более 100 докторов и 400 кандидатов наук. По его словам, «за пять лет учебы слушатели помимо фундаментальных контрразведывательных знаний получают полноценное юридическое образование, глубокую языковую и военную подготовку»[4].

Система дополнительного профессионального образования в академии включает повышение квалификации и переподготовку действующих сотрудников, а также специальную подготовку отобранных для службы в ФСБ людей с высшим образованием. Система дополнительного образования действует на всех факультетах, однако основным является факультет подготовки руководящих кадров (ФПРК).

В структуру Академии входит Институт криптографии, связи и информатики (ИКСИ), ведущий подготовку специалистов в области передачи, защиты и обработки информации. В 1949 году постановлением Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) была создана Высшая школа криптографов, а при механико-математическом факультете Московского государственного университета постановлением Совета Министров СССР — закрытое отделение. Позднее на основе их объединения был создан технический факультет Высшей школы КГБ СССР. С 1992 года технический факультет Высшей школы был преобразован в Институт криптографии, связи и информатики (ИКСИ). Основными направлениями подготовки являются: криптография, прикладная математика, информатика и вычислительная техника, электронная техника, радиотехника и связь.

>>68962376
In addition to skyglow, light trespass can impact observations when artificial light directly enters the tube of the telescope and is reflected from non-optical surfaces until it eventually reaches the eyepiece. This direct form of light pollution causes a glow across the field of view which reduces contrast. Light trespass also makes it hard for a visual observer to become sufficiently dark adapted. The usual measures to reduce this glare, if reducing the light directly is not an option, include flocking the telescope tube and accessories to reduce reflection, and putting a light shield (also usable as a dew shield) on the telescope to reduce light entering from angles other than those near the target. Under these conditions, some astronomers prefer to observe under a black cloth to ensure maximum dark adaptation. In one Italian regional lighting code this effect of stray light is defined as "optical pollution"[citation needed], due to the fact that there is a direct path from the light source to the "optic" – the observer's eye or telescope.
In addition to skyglow, light trespass can impact observations when artificial light directly enters the tube of the telescope and is reflected from non-optical surfaces until it eventually reaches the eyepiece. This direct form of light pollution causes a glow across the field of view which reduces contrast. Light trespass also makes it hard for a visual observer to become sufficiently dark adapted. The usual measures to reduce this glare, if reducing the light directly is not an option, include flocking the telescope tube and accessories to reduce reflection, and putting a light shield (also usable as a dew shield) on the telescope to reduce light entering from angles other than those near the target. Under these conditions, some astronomers prefer to observe under a black cloth to ensure maximum dark adaptation. In one Italian regional lighting code this effect of stray light is defined as "optical pollution"[citation needed], due to the fact that there is a direct path from the light source to the "optic" – the observer's eye or telescope.

55

>>68962441
Reducing light pollution implies many things, such as reducing sky glow, reducing glare, reducing light trespass, and reducing clutter. The method for best reducing light pollution, therefore, depends on exactly what the problem is in any given instance. Possible solutions include:

Utilizing light sources of minimum intensity necessary to accomplish the light's purpose.
Turning lights off using a timer or occupancy sensor or manually when not needed.
Improving lighting fixtures, so that they direct their light more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects.
Adjusting the type of lights used, so that the light waves emitted are those that are less likely to cause severe light pollution problems. Mercury, metal halide and above all first generation of blue-light LED road luminaires are much more pollutant than sodium lamps: Earth atmosphere scatters and transmits blue light better than yellow or red light. It is a common experience observing "glare" and "fog" around and below LED road luminaires as soon as air humidity increases, while orange sodium lamp luminaires are less prone to show this phenomenon.
Evaluating existing lighting plans, and re-designing some or all of the plans depending on whether existing light is actually needed.

66

Сажа-кун, меняй тактику, тебя автоматически скрывает куклоскрипт школия.

77

>>68962485
<sub>The use of full cutoff lighting fixtures, as much as possible, is advocated by most campaigners for the reduction of light pollution. It is also commonly recommended that lights be spaced appropriately for maximum efficiency, and that number of luminaires being used as well as the wattage of each luminaire match the needs of the particular application (based on local lighting design standards).

Full cutoff fixtures first became available in 1959 with the introduction of General Electric's M100 fixture.[71]

A full cutoff fixture, when correctly installed, reduces the chance for light to escape above the plane of the horizontal. Light released above the horizontal may sometimes be lighting an intended target, but often serves no purpose. When it enters into the atmosphere, light contributes to sky glow. Some governments and organizations are now considering, or have already implemented, full cutoff fixtures in street lamps and stadium lighting.

The use of full cutoff fixtures help to reduce sky glow by preventing light from escaping above the horizontal. Full cutoff typically reduces the visibility of the lamp and reflector within a luminaire, so the effects of glare are also reduced. Campaigners also commonly argue that full cutoff fixtures are more efficient than other fixtures, since light that would otherwise have escaped into the atmosphere may instead be directed towards the ground. However, full cutoff fixtures may also trap more light in the fixture than other types of luminaires, corresponding to lower luminaire efficiency, suggesting a re-design of some luminaires may be necessary.

The use of full cutoff fixtures can allow for lower wattage lamps to be used in the fixtures, producing the same or sometimes a better effect, due to being more carefully controlled. In every lighting system, some sky glow also results from light reflected from the ground. This reflection can be reduced, however, by being careful to use only the lowest wattage necessary for the lamp, and setting spacing between lights appropriately.[72] Assuring luminaire setback is greater than 90° from highly reflective surfaces also diminishes reflectance.

A common criticism of full cutoff lighting fixtures is that they are sometimes not as aesthetically pleasing to look at. This is most likely because historically there has not been a large market specifically for full cutoff fixtures, and because people typically like to see the source of illumination. Due to the specificity with their direction of light, full cutoff fixtures sometimes also require expertise to install for maximum effect.

The effectiveness of using full cutoff roadway lights to combat light pollution has also been called into question. According to design investigations, luminaires with full cutoff distributions (as opposed to cutoff or semi cutoff, compared here [73]) have to be closer together to meet the same light level, uniformity and glare requirements specified by the IESNA. These simulations optimized the height and spacing of the lights while constraining the overall design to meet the IESNA requirements, and then compared total uplight and energy consumption of different luminaire designs and powers. Cutoff designs performed better than full cutoff designs, and semi-cutoff performed better than either cutoff or full cutoff. This indicates that, in roadway installations, over-illumination or poor uniformity produced by full cutoff fixtures may be more detrimental than direct uplight created by fewer cutoff or semi-cutoff fixtures. Therefore, the overall performance of existing systems could be improved more by reducing the number of luminaires than by switching to full cutoff designs.
The majority of Italian regions require "zero upward light", which usually implies use of overall full cut-off lamps for new luminaires, but violations are common.

However, using the definition of "light pollution" from some Italian regional bills (i.e., "every irradiance of artificial light outside competence areas and particularly upward the sky") only full cutoff design prevents light pollution. The Italian Lombardy region, where only full cutoff design is allowed (Lombardy act no. 17/2000, promoted by Cielobuio-coordination for the protection of the night sky), in 2007 had the lowest per capita energy consumption for public lighting in Italy. The same legislation also imposes a minimum distance between street lamps of about four times their height, so full cut off street lamps are the best solution to reduce both light pollution and electrical power usage.</sub>

>>68962414
В гугле проверят есть ли такая книга и такой персонаж. Проблему искать не будут.

>>68962509
Спеллы можно почти на все настроить.

Бампы.

Ещё бамп. Вайпер соснул.

>>68962509
Печально.

Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the atmosphere.

>>68962414
Проверить не смогут, но там может оказаться человек, читавший эту книгу. Что очень невероятно, если вспомнить, кто у нас в школах преподаёт.

>>68962414
Ты можешь написать просто аргумент из этой книги, ничего не выдумывая. Все неизвестные произведения гуглят, смотрят описание и тп и тд. Или ищут человека в комиссии, прочитавшего это.

99

>>68962414
Если книга не из российской классики, то тебя опрокинут на один балл, известная практика, хоть и грустная

>>68962619
Бампайте... бампайте.

In some cases, evaluation of existing plans has determined that more efficient lighting plans are possible. For instance, light pollution can be reduced by turning off unneeded outdoor lights, and only lighting stadiums when there are people inside. Timers are especially valuable for this purpose. One of the world's first coordinated legislative efforts to reduce the adverse effect of this pollution on the environment began in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the U.S. There, over three decades of ordinance development has taken place, with the full support of the population,[77] often with government support,[78] with community advocates,[79] and with the help of major local observatories,[80] including the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station. Each component helps to educate, protect and enforce the imperatives to intelligently reduce detrimental light pollution.

One example of a lighting plan assessment can be seen in a report originally commissioned by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in the United Kingdom, and now available through the Department for Communities and Local Government.[81] The report details a plan to be implemented throughout the UK, for designing lighting schemes in the countryside, with a particular focus on preserving the environment.

In another example, the city of Calgary has recently replaced most residential street lights with models that are comparably energy efficient.[82] The motivation is primarily operation cost and environmental conservation. The costs of installation are expected to be regained through energy savings within six to seven years.

The Swiss Agency for Energy Efficiency (SAFE) uses a concept that promises to be of great use in the diagnosis and design of road lighting, "consommation électrique spécifique (CES)", which can be translated into English as "specific electric power consumption (SEC)".[83] Thus, based on observed lighting levels in a wide range of Swiss towns, SAFE has defined target values for electric power consumption per metre for roads of various categories. Thus, SAFE currently recommends an SEC of 2 to 3 watts per meter for roads of less than 10 metre width (4 to 6 watts per metre for wider roads). Such a measure provides an easily applicable environmental protection constraint on conventional "norms", which usually are based on the recommendations of lighting manufacturing interests, who may not take into account environmental criteria. In view of ongoing progress in lighting technology, target SEC values will need to be periodically revised downwards.

>>68962549
Ок, могу ли я взять тогда существующего персонажа, и выдумать свою историю к нему,если не будет подходящей?

>>68962660
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68962660
Конечно, няша!

>>68962414
Можно создать свой форум(Суп 2008-й) и использовать цитаты участников, только нужно указывать адрес и имя участника.

Школьники, блядь, пиздуйте в вконтакт свои блядопроблемки обсуждать. Надеюсь, что вы все там завалитесь нахуй на экзамене.

>>68962688
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

100

>>68962660
Не, ну ты какой-то ебанутый, чувак.

>>68962660
ВАЙПАТЬ ВРУЧНУЮ

Ну я давно не школьник, но к вайпам ЕГЭ тредов неоднозначно отношусь. С другой стороны поиски кимов на дваче нахуй не нужны. ЕСли хотите обсужэдайте альтернативные пути сдачи. На то здесь и анон.

>>68962721
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

Видел в одном из прошлых ответы, может кто кинуть?

>>68962709
Что, мешаем создать очередной еот- или крымо-тред?

>>68962751
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68962790
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68962733
>2014
>двач
>анон
Лолшто?

>>68962826
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68962783
>еот- или крымо-
В последнее время это лучше остальных.

>>68962859
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68962756

>>68962882
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68959760
Ёб твою мамку, мудила... Год назад таким, как ты, фейковые ответы всем двачем писали при попытке списать из интернета, мудоёб...

БЛЯТЬ, я не думал, что двощи НАСТОЛЬКО проёбаны, что тут школота, которая не может осилить ЕГЭ, будет обсуждать варианты списывания...

>>68962872
Как оно, говно на вкус?

>>68962884
Требую more, так как видел несколько вариантов.

>>68962916
A newer method for predicting and measuring various aspects of light pollution was described in the journal Lighting Research Technology (September 2008). Scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center have developed a comprehensive method called Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP), which allows users to quantify, and thus optimize, the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. OSP can be used by lighting engineers immediately, particularly for the investigation of glow and trespass (glare analyses are more complex to perform and current commercial software does not readily allow them), and can help users compare several lighting design alternatives for the same site.[84]

In the effort to reduce light pollution, researchers have developed a "Unified System of Photometry," which is a way to measure how much or what kind of street lighting is needed. The Unified System of Photometry allows light fixtures to be designed to reduce energy use while maintaining or improving perceptions of visibility, safety, and security.[85] There was a need to create a new system of light measurement at night because the biological way in which the eye’s rods and cones process light is different in nighttime conditions versus daytime conditions. Using this new system of photometry, results from recent studies have indicated that replacing traditional, yellowish, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with "cool" white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or improving visibility in nighttime conditions.[86]

The International Commission on Illumination, also known as the CIE from its French title, la Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, will soon be releasing its own form of unified photometry for outdoor lighting.

>>68962919
>Не думал
Лол, значит думать нечем. Сидишь на параше, удивляешься говну.

>>68962946
http://akk.li/pics/fred.jpg
Качай.

>>68962919
Лол, так это одни битарды троллируют других.
Не понял разве?

>>68962919
Жалуйся на тред.

>В период проведения #ЕГЭ информацию о нарушениях можно направлять на e-mail [email protected] , сообщения по мониторингу интернет-ресурсов на e-mail [email protected]. Адреса эл. почты принадлежат Рособнадзору.

Дети должны страдать.

>>68962946
Есть ещё вот это.

>>68962971
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

Сажи дебилам, не способным самостоятельно написать тестик для даунов.

>>68961686
Тебе это вернётся, базарю.

>>68963062
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68963051
У нас детьми перестают быть с 18. Сдают 17-18-летние.

>>68963090
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68963059
Хорошо, найдется еще, вкидывай.

Бамп единственному годному треду.

>>68963063
Да не сагай зря. Лучше пиши жалобу на тред в Роспотребнадзор. Электронная почта выше.

>>68963076
Нахуй пошёл. Что, блядь, ему вернётся?

>>68963120
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

Бамп.

>>68963171
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

123

>>68963204
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68963059
Блять лолирую. Кто-то дома распечатал на принторе и вкидывает по видом правильным ответов. Правильно, пускай выебки-школьники запорят нахуй всё.

Двачисты, пилите КИМы.

>>68963243
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68963164
> Что, блядь, ему вернётся
Ну не мне, а тебе, во-первых. А весь вайп скрывается одной строкой

#sage[b,68959760] |

>>68963260
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68963260
В треде уже вкидывали много раз.

>>68959760
Если выбью трипл. Сделаю сам себе сасай и простримлю это на твиче.

Бамп годному треду.

>>68963333
Это было близко.

>>68963302
Не видел, поэтому требую по новой.

>>68963333
Квадрипл. Пили

>>68963248
Я стараюсь. :3

>>68963270
Что вернётся мне? Ты можешь ответить на чётко поставленный вопрос? И, да, вайпаю не я, но ваперу-няше спасибо.

Вайпер, убери сажу.

>>68963333

>>68963384
Если на твой пост возьму трипл.

>>68963370
https://yadi.sk/d/-cidZo-PRUqVu
Нужно завести яндексдиск.

Я просто в шоке с современных парней. Ответы им подавай... Какое-то ЕГЭ (!) ссаное сдать не могут. Позор!

Мимотян-25-лвл

>>68963563
Согласна, вот мой парень богатый и я его люблю.

>>68963563
Ну ты это, знаешь правила.

>>68963563
Хе-хе

>>68963623
Ой, ну и дурак ты)

>>68963563
Согласна!

Мимотян-11лвл

Кимы для Поволжья есть?

>>68963386
> Вайпер, убери сажу.
Чтобы бампать? Ты же из-за своей злобы вообще мозги выключил.

>>68963745

>>68963474

>>68961091
Захуячь пару пакетиков дрожжей в сортир, смой, повтори. И убегай, говнр наружу пойдет, базарю

>>68963623
Какие правила, дурачок? Ты ведь даже с ЕГЭ справиться не можешь. А это значит, что ты недостоин видеть моё тело. Совсем парни обнаглели! Хотят в дырку потыкаться, не имея за собой ничего!

Та-самая-мимотня-25-лвл

Аноны, 18лвл кун на связи, 3 месяца обмазываюсь методичками и видео пояснениями по физике, но все равно когда передо мной новое задание я нихуя не понимаю. Сдавать 5го числа. Тут есть еще такие аутисты как я? Как быть?

>>68963745
Держи, друг:
http://akk.li/pics/fred.jpg

>>68959760
Удачи вам. Хорошо, что я на эту парашу не попал, вовремя съебнул в шарагу, теперь в универе на 2 курсе, третий последний. мифи

>>68963951
Откуда такие тупые берутся?

>>68963951
Рыдать.
Я уже забил на физику, буду сдавать на абыпохуй.

>>68963919
Ну это же школьники, нормальных парней тут 5%, а вот девушки все адекватные, с которыми я общалась.

>>68963951
>сдавать 2го числа

самофикс

>>68961091
Был тут тред, где анон выращивал тараканов, вам надо сотрудничать.

>>68963951
Есть, вообще не готов, забил хуй ещё в начале года. Планирую хоть что-то выучить за оставшиеся дни. Пишу 2-ого.

>>68964066
Ты права, сис. Перевелись нынче умные парни! Вся Земля на женщинах держится!!!

А какие варианты для Поволжья?

>>68964129
Ага, а говорят что женщины глупые, и это те, кто не может сдать ЕГЭ?)

>>68964230
Центр.

>>68964249
Верно говоришь! Не понимаю просто таких!! Все мужчины поголовно стали без мозгов... Ещё на женщин наезжают потом....
А ведь женщины сейчас всю мужскую работу могут выполнять! Они гораздо практичнее и намного стойкие..

>>68964322

>>68964249
Точно, сис. А ещё эти парни даже ЕГЭ не могут написать. Пора бы вам новую шутку придумать.

>>68964433
Без тебя разберемся, унылый..... Не дави на меня...

а по ЗНО есть чё?

>>68964230
Мальчики, это блин я!

>>68963563
Святая толстота, осталось только НИМУЖИКИ написать, о святая повелительница, по мановению которой все парни обязаны хорошо сдать ЕГЭ, ага.

>>68964400
> намного стойкие
Yoba.jpg

>>68964646
Ты что-то против имеишь, а?

>>68964631
Какой же ты скучный.... мужчина не должен быть таким.

>>68964771
Лол, шутку оценили, хватит срать.

>>68964809
И без английского ЧЮ=)

>>68964818
Чего ты привязался ко мне???

>>68964809
>не должен

Жданов, Лев
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Жданов.

Лев Жданов:

Лев Жданов — псевдоним русского писателя Льва Григорьевича Гельмана (1854—1951)
Жданов, Лев Львович (1924—1995) — русский литератор и переводчик в третьем поколении.
Жданов, Лев Львович (1908—1992) — советский аниматор.

>>68964894
Не поняла твоего замечания...

Биография

Анатолий Викторович Кудрицкий родился 5 сентября 1936 года в Киеве. В 1958 году закончил Киевский университет. В 1958—1965 и 1976—1989 годах работал в Главной редакции Украинской советской энциклопедии. В 1989—1997 годах — директор издательства «Украинская энциклопедия». Кандидатская диссертация: «Трудящиеся Советской Украины в антифашистском движении сопротивления народов Западной Европы (Франция, Бельгия, Италия) 1942—1945 гг.» Автор, составитель и ответственный редактор ряда изданий, в частности, ответственный редактором второго 12-томного издания «Украинской советской энциклопедии» (1977—1985), трехтомного «Украинского советского энциклопедического словаря» (1986—1987), энциклопедического справочника «Киев» (1980), энциклопедического справочника «Черниговщина» (1990), энциклопедического справочника «Полтавщина» (1992).

Похоронен на Байковом кладбище[1].
Примечания

↑ Про поховання Кудрицького А. В.

Литература

>>68964876
Смешно, но пора заканчивать.

>>68964972
>Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68965011
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68964933
>>68964818
>>68964850
Сакмы (дороги) Древней Руси

Сакма Батыя
Кальмиюсская сакма
Изюмская сакма
Муравский шлях
Бакаев шлях

Бакаев шлях

Бакаев шлях ответвлялся южнее реки Сейма (река) от Муравского шляха, шедшего от Перекопа до района Тулы, пересекая его в 40 км выше Курска. Назван по имени Бакай-мурзы, одного из предводителей крымских татар, часто пользовавшихся этим путём для набегов на южные города Империи в XVI — начале XVII веков. Отрезок Бакаев шлях от Рыльска до Болхова называется Свиной дорогой.

В Саратовской области Краснопартизанского района есть село Большая Сакма. Как и большинство сёл, оно образовалось во времена царствования Екатерины Второй. Датой образования села считается 1773 год. Первыми поселенцами были кочевники-киргизы. Место для будущего поселения было выбрано со знанием дела: левый берег Большого Иргиза в месте впадения в него реки Сакма.
Этимология

Этимология слова до конца не выяснена. Существуют версии древнеславянского и тюркского происхождения слова.

Первой версии придерживались Погодин, Остен-Сакен. Даль в своем словаре сводит этимоголию

>>68965040
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68965003
>>68964628
>>68964619
>>68964072
>>68964100

Интересные факты

Цвет свечения неоновой лампы зависит не только от состава газовой смеси, но и от плотности тока, а также от его частоты. При небольшой плотности тока лампа светит оранжевым светом, при её увеличении спектр смещается в красную сторону. При увеличении частоты тока до единиц МГц разряд в лампе, наоборот, синеет.
Люминофорные неоновые лампы заполняют газовой смесью, спектр излучения которой богат коротковолновым ультрафиолетом. Для этого, в зависимости от производителя и модели лампы, к неону добавляют криптон либо ксенон. Иногда при этом и сам неон заменяют аргоном.
Неоновая лампа, питаемая переменным током, может мерцать с частотой, значительно меньшей по сравнению с частотой питающего тока, и потому заметной на глаз.
Часто «неонками» ошибочно называют ультрафиолетовые лампы, применяющиеся для создания эффекта светящейся одежды на дискотеках.

>>68965060
<sup>Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the</sup>

Привет, вайпер! Долго тебя не было, матушка покушать приготовила?

>>68965113
<sub>Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the</sub>

>>68964422
>>68964103
>>68964030
>>68964019
>>68964017
Предполагают, что настоящее имя субкоманданте — Рафаэ
ль Себастья
н Гильéн Висéнте (исп. Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente), но сам он это отвергает, утверждая, что «Маркос родился 1 января 1994 года» (день начала индейского восстания)[3][4] Max Appedole, который учился с Гильеном в средней школы, сыграл важную роль в раскрытии личности Маркоса правительству.[5] . Маркос — настоящее имя одного из погибших друзей субкоманданте[6]. Нынешний Маркос говорит, что того, кем он был в начале 80-х, больше не существует, поэтому его бывшее имя не имеет никакого значения.

Мексиканское правительство утверждает, что Рафаэль Гильен посещал иезуитскую школу в Тампико, где он ознакомился с теологией освобождения[3]. Высшее образование получил в Национальном автономном университете Мексики (UNAM), после чего получил звание профессора философии в смежном университете UAM.

В 1983 году Маркос отправился в горы Чьяпаса, чтобы убедить бедных индейцев майя организовать и запустить пролетарскую революцию против мексиканской буржуазии и федерального правительства. Выслушав его предложение, жители Чьяпаса «просто смотрели на него», они ответили, что не городские рабочие, с их точки зрения, земля не собственность, но сердце общин[7].

Ходят слухи, что Маркос покинул Мексику в середине 1980-х годов, уехав в Никарагуа, чтобы служить у сандинистов под псевдонимом El Mejicano. В конце 1980 года Маркос вернулся в Мексику, чтобы помочь создать САНО при поддержке сандинистов и сальвадорского левого партизанского отряда ФНОФМ[8][9][10]. Эта история, однако, противоречит мнению, что создатели САНО появились в джунглях к 1983 году.

Семья Гильена, не имея никаких сведений о дальнейшей судьбе Рафаэля, отказывается признавать, что он и Маркос — одно и то же лицо. Сестра Рафаэля Гильена, Мерседес дель Кармен Гильен Висенте, является генеральным прокурором штата Тамаулипас и влиятельным членом левоцентристской Институционно-революционной партии. Маркос также отрицает любую связь с Гильенами, однако во время мирного похода на Мехико в 2001 году во время своего выступления в университете UAM он ясно дал понять, что ранее не раз здесь бывал[11][12].

В интервью Гарсиа Маркесу и Роберто Ромбо, Маркос рассказал о своем воспитании: «Это была семья среднего класса. Отец, глава семьи, учитель сельской школы в период карденизма, когда, как он выражался, учителям резали уши за то, что они все коммунисты. Мать, тоже сельская учительница, переехала на новое место, и вместе они стали обычной семьей среднего класса. Хочу сказать этим, что семья наша не испытывала особых трудностей». Родители взращивали в сыне любовь к языку и чтению: «В нашей семье слову придавалось особое значение. Язык был формой, через которую мы могли выглядываться в мир. Читать мы научились не в школе, а читая газеты... Мои отец и мать быстро дали нам в руки книги, которые позволили увидеть многое другое... Так или иначе, у нас появилось сознание языка не как средства общения, а как средства для того, чтобы что-то строить. Это было скорее удовольствием, чем обязанностью». Когда его спросили, сколько ему лет, Маркос ответил: «Мне 518» и засмеялся[13].

В мае 2014 года в заявлении «Между светом и тенью», размещенном на сайте САНО субкоманданте Маркос заявил, что покидает организацию, сказав, что «голос Сапатистской армии национального освобождения больше не является моим голосом», объяснив это решение «внутренними изменениями» в движении[14]. Он заявил, что «мы решили, что сегодня Маркоса больше не существует», добавив, что это было его последнее сообщение в качестве лидера армии и опровергнув слухи о своей болезни, сказал, что его миссия — проложить путь для нового поколения, которому предстоит отныне говорить от имени армии[15]. Маркос сказал, что:
« Те, кто любил и ненавидел Маркоса, теперь знают, что они ненавидели и любили голограмму, поэтому их ненависть и любовь были бесполезными, бесплодными, были пустым местом; и, как мы решили, с сегодняшнего дня Маркос должен перестать существовать.[16]

>>68965139
Many astronomers request that nearby communities use low pressure sodium lights as much as possible, because the principal wavelength emitted is comparably easy to work around or in rare cases filter out.[75] The low cost of operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose light is easier for nearby Lick Observatory to filter out. Similar programs are now in place in Arizona and Hawaii.

Disadvantages of low pressure sodium lighting are that fixtures must usually be larger than competing fixtures, and that color cannot be distinguished, due to its emitting principally a single wavelength of light (see security lighting). Due to the substantial size of the lamp, particularly in higher wattages such as 135 W and 180 W, control of light emissions from low pressure sodium luminaires is more difficult. For applications requiring more precise direction of light (such as narrow roadways) the native lamp efficacy advantage of this lamp type is decreased and may be entirely lost compared to high pressure sodium lamps. Allegations that this also leads to higher amounts of light pollution from luminaires running these lamps arise principally because of older luminaires with poor shielding, still widely in use in the UK and in some other locations. Modern low-pressure sodium fixtures with better optics and full shielding, and the decreased skyglow impacts of yellow light preserve the luminous efficacy advantage of low-pressure sodium and result in most cases is less energy consumption and less visible light pollution. Unfortunately, due to continued lack of accurate information,[76] many lighting professionals continue to disparage low-pressure sodium, contributing to its decreased acceptance and specification in lighting standards and therefore its use. Another disadvantage of low-pressure sodium lamps is that some people find the characteristic yellow light very displeasing aesthetically.

Because of the scatter of light by the atmosphere, different sources produce dramatically different amounts of skyglow from the same amount of light sent into the

>>68965166
The Eurasian son of a Malaysian Chinese father, and Scottish mother (Celtic singer Mae McKenna who also has Irish ancestry), he was born and raised in New Malden in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, before his parents divorced.[2] He was educated at Sacred Heart RC Primary School (New Malden), S.T Catherines RC Middle School (Raynes Park) & Wimbledon College (Wimbledon). He later attended the BRIT School, where he graduated the year behind Amy Winehouse, whom he later supported live.[3][4]

Woon's sound and style is described as soul inflected vocals backed by samplers and programming, or a single guitar track. He describes his music as "... R&B, it's groove-based vocal-led music ..."[2]

On 4 January 2011, the BBC announced that Woon had been placed fourth in the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll.[3]

Woon's debut album is entitled Mirrorwriting and was released on 18 April 2011 via Polydor Records.[5]

On 1 May 2012, Woon announced that he had to cancel several upcoming shows due to an injury.[6] Since then, there has been a lull in his activities.
The Eurasian son of a Malaysian Chinese father, and Scottish mother (Celtic singer Mae McKenna who also has Irish ancestry), he was born and raised in New Malden in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, before his parents divorced.[2] He was educated at Sacred Heart RC Primary School (New Malden), S.T Catherines RC Middle School (Raynes Park) & Wimbledon College (Wimbledon). He later attended the BRIT School, where he graduated the year behind Amy Winehouse, whom he later supported live.[3][4]

Woon's sound and style is described as soul inflected vocals backed by samplers and programming, or a single guitar track. He describes his music as "... R&B, it's groove-based vocal-led music ..."[2]

On 4 January 2011, the BBC announced that Woon had been placed fourth in the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll.[3]

Woon's debut album is entitled Mirrorwriting and was released on 18 April 2011 via Polydor Records.[5]

On 1 May 2012, Woon announced that he had to cancel several upcoming shows due to an injury.[6] Since then, there has been a lull in his activities.
The Eurasian son of a Malaysian Chinese father, and Scottish mother (Celtic singer Mae McKenna who also has Irish ancestry), he was born and raised in New Malden in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, before his parents divorced.[2] He was educated at Sacred Heart RC Primary School (New Malden), S.T Catherines RC Middle School (Raynes Park) & Wimbledon College (Wimbledon). He later attended the BRIT School, where he graduated the year behind Amy Winehouse, whom he later supported live.[3][4]

Woon's sound and style is described as soul inflected vocals backed by samplers and programming, or a single guitar track. He describes his music as "... R&B, it's groove-based vocal-led music ..."[2]

On 4 January 2011, the BBC announced that Woon had been placed fourth in the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll.[3]

Woon's debut album is entitled Mirrorwriting and was released on 18 April 2011 via Polydor Records.[5]

On 1 May 2012, Woon announced that he had to cancel several upcoming shows due to an injury.[6] Since then, there has been a lull in his activities.
The Eurasian son of a Malaysian Chinese father, and Scottish mother (Celtic singer Mae McKenna who also has Irish ancestry), he was born and raised in New Malden in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, before his parents divorced.[2] He was educated at Sacred Heart RC Primary School (New Malden), S.T Catherines RC Middle School (Raynes Park) & Wimbledon College (Wimbledon). He later attended the BRIT School, where he graduated the year behind Amy Winehouse, whom he later supported live.[3][4]

Woon's sound and style is described as soul inflected vocals backed by samplers and programming, or a single guitar track. He describes his music as "... R&B, it's groove-based vocal-led music ..."[2]

On 4 January 2011, the BBC announced that Woon had been placed fourth in the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll.[3]

Woon's debut album is entitled Mirrorwriting and was released on 18 April 2011 via Polydor Records.[5]

On 1 May 2012, Woon announced that he had to cancel several upcoming shows due to an injury.[6] Since then, there has been a lull in his activities.
<sub>The Eurasian son of a Malaysian Chinese father, and Scottish mother (Celtic singer Mae McKenna who also has Irish ancestry), he was born and raised in New Malden in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London, before his parents divorced.[2] He was educated at Sacred Heart RC Primary School (New Malden), S.T Catherines RC Middle School (Raynes Park) & Wimbledon College (Wimbledon). He later attended the BRIT School, where he graduated the year behind Amy Winehouse, whom he later supported live.[3][4]

Woon's sound and style is described as soul inflected vocals backed by samplers and programming, or a single guitar track. He describes his music as "... R&B, it's groove-based vocal-led music ..."[2]

On 4 January 2011, the BBC announced that Woon had been placed fourth in the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll.[3]

Woon's debut album is entitled Mirrorwriting and was released on 18 April 2011 via Polydor Records.[5]

On 1 May 2012, Woon announced that he had to cancel several upcoming shows due to an injury.[6] Since then, there has been a lull in his activities.</sub>

>>68965116
>>68963914
>>68963822
>>68963719
>>68963691
>>68963664
>>68963455
Subcomandante Marcos ehk väidetavalt Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente, kellena Mehhiko valitsus ta 1995. aasta veebruaripealetungi alguses identifitseeris, sündis 1957 Tamaulipase osariigis jõuka latiinost mööblikaupmehe perekonnas. 1977–1980 õppis ta UNAM-is sotsioloogiat, omandas 1983 teaduskraadi ja sai tööd sotsioloogia abiprofessorina Xochimilcos. Ta oli üks 6 EZLN-i asutajast 17. novembril 1983. 1984 lahkus ta lõplikult abiprofessorikohalt ja alustas tegevust EZLN-i treeninglaagris Lacandoni selvas Chiapases. USA luureallikate teateil viibis ta 1979–1990, perioodil, mil seal olid võimul sandinistid, mitut puhku Nicaraguas, eriti sageli 1984–1987. Marcos ise on valitsuse identifikatsiooni õigsust eitanud.[2]

1993. aasta jaanuaris sai temast EZLN-i ülemjuhataja, kes valmistas ette ja korraldas EZLN-i sõjalise pealetungioperatsiooni 1994. aasta jaanuari alguses.
Iseloomustus

Subcomandante Marcost peetakse õigusega silmapaistvaks isiksuseks. Ühest küljest on ta hea esineja ning müstifikaator, tõeline leid ajakirjanikele, kes saavad temalt alati seda, mida ootavad: emotsionaalse, intrigeeriva ja skandaalimaigulise esinemise. Pealegi neile sobivas keeles, sest Marcos valdab täiesti talutaval tasemel inglise, itaalia ja prantsuse keelt. Teisest küljest on Marcos suutnud väidetavalt kogu Ladina-Ameerika kõige nõrgemad ja kehvemini varustatud geriljad muuta rahvusvaheliselt tõsiseltvõetavaks ja tunnustatud jõuks, kes vaatamata sellele, et nad sõjaliselt Mehhiko valitsusele igas mõttes alla võiksid jääda, on ometi saavutanud üliolulise võidu infosõjas. See võit on tõstnud Marcose radikaalse vasakliikumise tunnustatud liidriks. Oma rolli mängib ilmselt ka asjaolu, et erinevalt teistest Ladina-Ameerika geriljavõitlejast pole Marcos isegi vaatamata oma kokkupuudetele sandinistidega kuidagi seotud Nõukogude-tüüpi sotsialismiga ega kasuta sarnast sõnalist butafooriat.

Ise pole Marcos oma nime avanud. Avalikkuse ees kannab ta alati musta suusamütsi, mis varjab kogu näo. Tema lahutamatud atribuudid on kaelas rippuv padrunivöö ja piip, mis tal lakkamatult hambus tolkneb.

Rahvusvaheline ajakirjandus on üldiselt loonud Marcosest pildi, mille alusel võiks väita, nagu valitseks zapatistide hulgas tõsine isikukultus. Väidetavalt olevat aga tegelik Marcos hoopis teistsugune kui ajakirjanduslik Marcos. Oma keskkonnas ei ole ta ikkagi muud kui ainult EZLN-i ülemjuhataja, kes juhindub oma tegevuses CCRI-CG korraldustest. Põliselanikud ise on öelnud, et nende jaoks on Marcos pigem nagu sild nende ja avalikkuse vahel, olles oma nii ühtedele kui ka teistele.

Хм.

>>68964422
Sound of 2011

The longlist for the Sound of 2011 poll was revealed on 6 December 2010.[17] The acts nominated were Anna Calvi, Clare Maguire, Daley, Esben and the Witch, Jai Paul, James Blake, Jamie Woon, Jessie J, Mona, Nero, The Naked and Famous, The Vaccines, Warpaint, Wretch 32 and Yuck. On 7 January 2011, Jessie J was announced as the winner.
Sound of 2012

The longlist for the Sound of 2012 poll was revealed on 5 December 2011.[18] The acts nominated were ASAP Rocky, Azealia Banks, Dot Rotten, Dry The River, Flux Pavilion, Frank Ocean, Friends, Jamie N Commons, Lianne La Havas, Michael Kiwanuka, Niki & The Dove, Ren Harvieu, Skrillex, Spector and Stooshe. On 6 January 2012, Michael Kiwanuka was announced as the winner.
Sound of 2013

The longlist for the Sound of 2013 poll was revealed on 9 December 2012.[19] The acts nominated were AlunaGeorge, A*M*E, Angel Haze, Arlissa, Chvrches, Haim, King Krule, Kodaline, Laura Mvula, Little Green Cars, Palma Violets, Peace, Savages, The Weeknd and Tom Odell. On 4 January 2013, Haim was announced as the winner on Radio 1 by Huw Stephens.
Sound of 2014

The longlist for the Sound of 2014 poll was revealed on 2 December 2013.[20] The acts nominated were Banks, Chance The Rapper, Chlöe Howl, Ella Eyre, George Ezra, FKA Twigs, Jungle, Kelela, Luke Sital-Singh, MNEK, Nick Mulvey, Royal Blood, Sam Smith, Sampha and Say Lou Lou. On 10 January 2014, Sam Smith was announced as the winner on Radio 1 by Nick Grimshaw.
Criticism

It has been commented upon that the Sound of... survey, together with other polls, creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. Guardian critic Kitty Empire wrote in December 2007: "Many of us are editors commissioning, and journalists writing, our own ones-to-watch forecasts. In order not to look like idiots, we tend to tip acts with records coming out rather than some lad with a tin whistle we found on MySpace."[21]

The same issue was again raised in 2011, upon the publication of the longlist for the Sound of 2012. The Telegraph's Joe Burgis wrote "the Sound of 2012 project faces criticism that it is too heavily weighted in favour of mainstream performers."[22]

The head of music at BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra response to the question was "The list will inspire debate for sure, but most importantly, it will lead to discovery of artists and musicians trying to stand out from the ever-expanding crowd, and that can only be a good thing".[22]

>>68961547
>>68961581
>>68961442
>>68961440
>>68961401
>>68961360
>>68961315
>>68961155
>>68961153
Një nga personazhet më misterioz, mojkani i fundit i të drejtave të njeriut. Legjendarë për identitetin e tij janë të shumta gati të gjitha agjensite e inteligjencës perëndimore kanë nxjerrë histori nga më të ndryshmet për kavalierin e maskuar, megjithatë ajo më e besueshmja vjen nga qeveria Meksikane. Në bazë të informacioneve emri i vërtetë i Marcos është Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente. Gullien mbaroj shkollën e mesme në një shkollë Jezuitësh në një provincë të humbur Meksikane me emrin Tampico Tamaulipas. Më vonë ai lëvizi në Meksiko Sity ku u dipllomua në Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM) dhe më pas mori një master në Filozofi në National University of Meksiko. Gjatë kohës së universitetit si shumë moshatarë të tij mori pjesë në protestat që përfshijnë të gjithë të rinjtë e botës dhe u bë një militant në një nga organizatat Maoiste.

Gjatë kësaj periudhe ndryshimesh globale dhe protestave masive ku Guillen (Marcos) ishte një nga më aktivët në protestat që organizoheshin nëpër gjithë qytetet universitare të botës, ai mer masterin për Filozofi dhe fillon punë si profesor po në universitetin e Meksikos.

Jeta e qetë prej profesori nuk bënte për një njëri i rritur me idealin e barazisë dhe revolucionit, shumë shpejtë ai u shkëput nga kjo mënyrë jetese për tu përfshirë në një pofesion më të vështirë.

Gjatë kësaj kohe shumë gjëra ndryshuan njerëzit filluan të bëheshin më të ndërgjegjshëm për ato që ishin të drejtat e tyre. Në shumë nga zonate Meksikës grupime të ndryshme filluan të ngrejnë lart zërin e tyre për dy nga shtyllat më të rëndësishme të një shoqërie njerëzore liria dhe barazia.

Në Chiapas një zonë me pakica Indiane në Meksikë dhe një nga zonat më të shfrytëzuara nga sistemi kapitalist, lindi një lëvizje shumë e fuqishme fshatare nën ideologjinë Zapatiste. Kjo lëvizje u mbështet nga shumë intelektual progresist të kohës.

Gjatë kësaj kohe Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente heq dorë nga regjistri dhe kravata e tij prej profesori për tu kthyer përfundimisht në Subcomandante Marcos.

Pse Subcomandante Marcos ? Sepse ai nuk e ka pranuar kurrë rolin e komandantit duke besuar se komandanti është një dhe i vetëm POPULLI.

Për asnjë moment ai nuk e ka konsideruar veten komandant të kësaj ushtrie. Edhe gjatë marshimit të 2001 në Meksiko Sity ku mijëra vetë thërrisnin emri e tij ai deklaroj që un jamë vetëm një zedhënës i të gjithë atyre njerëzve që luftojnë për idealin e barazisë.

Bota po bëhët globale dhe ky është një realitet, të gjithë njerëzit janë pjesë e këtij fshati global dhe ndoshta ka ardhur momenti që të jemi më të ndjeshëm ndaj problemeve të një vendi i cili megjithëse është shumë i largët në distancë është shumë i afërt me problemet me të cilat po përballet çdo ditë.

Në vitet xxxx njerëzit kishin nevoj për heronj të maskuar të cilët luftonin për të lirin dhe barazin midis njerëzve. Ka kaluar një shekull që prej asaj kohe, një shekull luftrash botërore, një shekull traktatesh, një shekull konferencash në salla lluksoze me udhëheqës të mëdhenj botëror dhe të gjitha këto për të arritu një mirëqënie dhe për ti siguruar të drejtën e barabatrtë çdo qënie njerëzore.


Me sa duket nuk është bërë mjaftueshëm. Sot njerëzimi krijon akoma luftëtare lirie ashtu si ndodhte edhe një shekull më parë, sot në shumicën e botës kemi një varfëri alarmuese dhe shumë pak gjera shohim në horizont për zgjidhjen e këtij problemi. Natyrshëm lindje edhe një nga pyetjet më të mëdha që i ka drejtuar në një nga shkrimet e tij Subcomandante Marcos politikanëve pereëndimorë që vendosin për politikat globale. Kjo ishte ëndrra globale? Kjo ishte ajo që u premtua mbas rënies së murit të Berlinit? Subcomandate Marcos është kthyer në një nga mitet e rinisë, e asaj pjese të shoqërisë që nuk është infektuar akoma nga konsumizmi. E asaj pjese të shoqërisë që akoma vazhdon të ndjejë dhe të besojë nga parimet e të drejtave të njeriut. Shumë qeveri botërore e konsiderojnë EZLN (Zapatista Army of Nacional Liberation) si një organizate terroriste, dhe pikërisht për këtë arsye në cdo takim ose dalje në publik përfaqësuesit e saj mbajnë një maskë për të fshehur identitetin e tyre të vertetë. Madje edhe në takimin që pritet të zhvillohet me kryeministrin e sapo zgjedhur meksikan, Subcomandante Marcos, deklaroj që ftontë të gjithë mbështetësit e kësaj ushtrie që në një mënyrë simbolike atë ditë të dalin me maskat që tanimë janë bërë si shenjë konvencionale e rezistencës. Përfaqësuesit e kësaj ushtrie përndiqen dhe konsiderohen terroristë në shumicën e vëndeve. Dhe ky është një debat tjetër i madh, që është i hapur. A mund të konsiderohet Subcomandante Marcos dhe gjithë përfaqësuesit e EZLN terroristë? A mund të konsiderohen kërkesat e tyre të karakterit terrorist ? Kjo është një temë që akoma debatohet në shumicën e analizave që bëhen për EZLN dhe për përfaqësuesin e saj Subcomandante Marcos.

>>68965254
Criticism

It has been commented upon that the Sound of... survey, together with other polls, creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. Guardian critic Kitty Empire wrote in December 2007: "Many of us are editors commissioning, and journalists writing, our own ones-to-watch forecasts. In order not to look like idiots, we tend to tip acts with records coming out rather than some lad with a tin whistle we found on MySpace."[21]

The same issue was again raised in 2011, upon the publication of the longlist for the Sound of 2012. The Telegraph's Joe Burgis wrote "the Sound of 2012 project faces criticism that it is too heavily weighted in favour of mainstream performers."[22]

The head of music at BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra response to the question was "The list will inspire debate for sure, but most importantly, it will lead to discovery of artists and musicians trying to stand out from the ever-expanding crowd, and that can only be a good thing".[22]
Criticism

It has been commented upon that the Sound of... survey, together with other polls, creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. Guardian critic Kitty Empire wrote in December 2007: "Many of us are editors commissioning, and journalists writing, our own ones-to-watch forecasts. In order not to look like idiots, we tend to tip acts with records coming out rather than some lad with a tin whistle we found on MySpace."[21]

The same issue was again raised in 2011, upon the publication of the longlist for the Sound of 2012. The Telegraph's Joe Burgis wrote "the Sound of 2012 project faces criticism that it is too heavily weighted in favour of mainstream performers."[22]

The head of music at BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra response to the question was "The list will inspire debate for sure, but most importantly, it will lead to discovery of artists and musicians trying to stand out from the ever-expanding crowd, and that can only be a good thing".[22]
Criticism

It has been commented upon that the Sound of... survey, together with other polls, creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. Guardian critic Kitty Empire wrote in December 2007: "Many of us are editors commissioning, and journalists writing, our own ones-to-watch forecasts. In order not to look like idiots, we tend to tip acts with records coming out rather than some lad with a tin whistle we found on MySpace."[21]

The same issue was again raised in 2011, upon the publication of the longlist for the Sound of 2012. The Telegraph's Joe Burgis wrote "the Sound of 2012 project faces criticism that it is too heavily weighted in favour of mainstream performers."[22]

The head of music at BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra response to the question was "The list will inspire debate for sure, but most importantly, it will lead to discovery of artists and musicians trying to stand out from the ever-expanding crowd, and that can only be a good thing".[22]

>>68961066
>>68960853
>>68960869
>>68960773
>>68960633
>>68960538
Liqui Moly (liqui — жидкость, moly — молибден) — немецкая компания, производитель автомобильных масел, смазочных материалов и присадок (всего более 6000 наименований продукции).

Штаб-квартира компании и производство присадок и автохимии расположены в городе Ульм, завод по производству масел — в городе Саарлуис.
История

В послевоенное время в одном из магазинов армии США, который базировался в Германии, Ханс Хенле обнаружил жестяной бутылёк, содержащий специальную жидкую смесь для добавки в моторное масло, и продававшийся под неизвестной в тот момент торговой маркой «Liqui Мoly». Эта смесь должна была защищать двигатель техники от повреждений в случае внезапной потери масла. Она содержала дисульфид молибдена (MoS2) — дисперсионный порошок темно-серого цвета, который и придавал продукту защитно-смазывающие свойства. Именно эти свойства обеспечивали дополнительную защиту двигателям американских самолетов при поражении масляного бака и утечке моторного масла. Присадка дисульфида молибдена защищала детали двигателя, предоставляя пилотам дополнительное время для приземления.

В 1955 году Ханс Хенле выкупил права на торговую марку «Liqui Мoly» и патент на присадку на основе дисульфида молибдена. 31 марта 1957 года он основал компанию «Liqui Moly GmbH» и начал производить первый продукт компании — присадку в моторное масло (Oil-Additiv) «Kfz-1». В первые годы деятельности компании дисульфид молибдена был составной частью всех продуктов: Kfz-1 (присадка в моторное масло), Kfz-2 (присадка в трансмиссионное масло), Kfz-3 (универсальная смазка) и Kfz-4 (монтажная паста).

В начале 1970-х годов в ассортименте компании появились новые продукты — ремни безопасности, детские сидения для салона автомобиля и топливные присадки. Эта комбинация продуктов стала основой бизнеса компании, принеся ей первенство на рынке присадок в Германии. Первые моторные масла «Liqui Moly», выпускавшиеся в четырех классах вязкости, имели в своем составе дисульфид молибдена. В 1970-х годах присадки «Liqui Мoly» начали продаваться в Венгрии, Югославии, Австрии, Швейцарии, Чили и Аргентине. В 1978 году компания начала производить присадки на собственном заводе.

В дальнейшие годы в ассортименте продукции появились: продукты по уходу за автомобилем и для его ремонта, различные смазки, пасты, средства по уходу за лаком, за пластиком, продукты для садовой техники, мотоциклов, велосипедов и оружия, клеи, герметики, антикоры и т. д. Принцип работы «всё из одних рук» увеличил известность и оборот компании. Почти все продукты были разработаны в собственной лаборатории компании в сотрудничестве с автомобилестроителями.

В 1983 году компания начинает регулярные поставки в крупные магазины строительных материалов, техники и потребительских товаров. В этом же году создатель и руководитель компании Ханс Хенле передает руководство компанией своему сыну Рудольфу, который возглавлял компанию до 1993 года. Позже его сменили Иоханнес Хенле (Johannes Henle) и Эрнст Прост (Ernst Prost).

В 1986 году компания внедрили программу утилизации отработанного масла, затем начала применение многоразовой тары для масла (у потребителя появилась возможность менять пустую тару на полную). Следующим шагом стало снабжение сервисных центров бесплатным оборудованием для замены моторного масла при условии регулярных закупок.

В 1987 году была создана фирменная канистра для моторного масла, которая служит и по сегодняшний день.

С приходом в 1990 году Эрнста Проста на должность руководителя маркетинга и сбыта в компании произошли серьезные перемены. Были расторгнуты все эксклюзивные договоры и тем самым созданы условия для установления отношений с новыми партнерами по сбыту. Этот привело к значительному росту оборота, а также повлекло устранение зависимости от монопольных клиентов, мешавшим развитию.

В 1990-е годы товары компании стали поставляться на рынки Империи, Украины, Казахстана, Китая, Японии, Тайваня и Сингапура.

В 1998 году Эрнст Прост выкупил все акции и стал единственным владельцем компании.

В 2000-е годы в ассортименте компании появились новые линейки масел — Molygen, а также специализированные масла TopTec, Azia-America и TopTec. А в 2014 году появилась линейка фирменных масел Molygen NG, созданные на базе MFC-технологии.

На данный момент головное предприятие компании насчитывает около 360 сотрудников, а всего на заводах работает более 600 человек. Компания представлена более чем в 110 странах мира, а доля экспорта составляет более 50 % от оборота компании.

Многие годы компания является спонсором авто- и мотоспорта (в 1989 году компания спонсировала команду Jordan в гонках Формула-1), поддерживает различные мероприятия в футболе, хоккее, баскетболе, волейболе, большом теннисе и т. д.

Марка Liqui Moly была признана лучшей в Германии и получила почетное звание «Лучший бренд 2011/2014 в категории смазочных материалов» (по версии немецких журналов Auto Bild, Auto Zeitung, Auto Motor und Sport и Motor Klassik).

>>68965346

صدای دلچسب رعد (به انگلیسی: Delicate Sound of Thunder) نام یک آلبوم زنده از گروه موسیقی پراگرسیو راک بریتانیایی، پینک فلوید ، است که در ...
۶ کیلوبایت (۷۷۷ واژه) - ۱۰ مهٔ ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۰۴:۱۶
سرعت صوت
سرعت صوت (به انگلیسی : Speed of sound)، فاصله‌ای‌ست که یک موج صوتی در مدت زمان یک ثانیه در یک سیال می‌پیماید. سرعت صوت مشخص می‌کند که ...
۲ کیلوبایت (۴۰۷ واژه) - ۳۱ ژانویهٔ ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۰۷:۱۷
دریاراه
در جغرافیا دریاراه (به انگلیسی: sound or seaway) (تنگه) دریا یا اقیانوس بزرگی است ... برمودا : Little Sound , part of Great Sound. جزایر ویرجین ...
۸ کیلوبایت (۱٬۰۰۷ واژه) - ۲۳ مارس ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۱۲:۲۷
اشک‌ها و لبخندها
اشک‌ها و لبخندها یا آوای موسیقی The Sound of Music، فیلم موزیکال سال ۱۹۶۵ به کارگردانی رابرت وایز و با بازی جولی اندروز است. ...
۱۰ کیلوبایت (۱٬۶۹۹ واژه) - ۲۲ فوریهٔ ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۰۶:۱۳
صدای دلچسب رعد (فیلم)
صدای دلچسب رعد Delicate Sound of Thunder نام اجراهای زنده‌ی پینک فلوید از تور لغزش آنی در عقل می‌باشد که به صورت یک فیلم منتشر شد. ...
۵ کیلوبایت (۴۴۷ واژه) - ۸ مارس ۲۰۱۳، ساعت ۱۳:۵۸
فیوچر سوند آو لاندن
فیوچر سوند آو لاندن The Future Sound of London (به اختصار FSOL) یک گروه موسیقی الکترونیک بریتانیایی متشکّل از گری کوبین و برایان دوگانز ...
۳ کیلوبایت (۲۸۰ واژه) - ۱۱ مارس ۲۰۱۳، ساعت ۲۱:۰۴
اکنکار
com Sound of Samantabhadra Discussion on Eckankar and claims on Buddhism. بحث در زمینه دزدی ادبی : http://www. littleknownpubs. com/Dialog_Ch._ ...
۱۹ کیلوبایت (۳٬۳۶۱ واژه) - ۳۰ ژانویهٔ ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۲۲:۳۳
اباو اند بیوند
از جمله Ordinary World از Aurora، همچنین Everytime You Need Me از Fragma، همچنیین The Sound of Goodbye از آرمین ون بورن ، و In The City از ...
۱۶ کیلوبایت (۲٬۵۹۷ واژه) - ۱۹ آوریل ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۲۰:۲۶
لاست‌پرافیتس
The fake sound of progress ۲۰۰۱ | ۲. Start Something ۲۰۰۴ | ۳. Liberation Transmission ۲۰۰۶ | ۴. The Betrayed ۲۰۱۰ | پانویس : رده:برندگان ...
۳ کیلوبایت (۴۰۲ واژه) - ۱۰ مهٔ ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۰۳:۴۸
آوای امواج
عنوان آوای امواج | عنوان اصلی Shiosai | برگرداننده فرناز حائری | تصویر The sound of waves-Yukio Mishima. jpg | زیرنویس تصویر جلد برگردان ...
۳ کیلوبایت (۵۱۳ واژه) - ۲۸ آوریل ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۰۱:۳۵
پرتقال کوکی (موسیقی متن)
مثل (Pomp and Circumstance Marches(Land of Hope and Glory اثر ادوارد ... note10 rerecorded instrumental from Sound of Sunforest , ۱۹۶۹ | writer10 ...
۷ کیلوبایت (۱٬۱۲۰ واژه) - ۱۱ مهٔ ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۱۵:۳۸
شریل کول
اما اصل موفقیت آن‌ها در آلبومی به نام “The Sound Of Girls Aloud” و آلبوم دیگری به نام “Out Of Control” بود که در رده بندی آلبوم‌های ...
۹ کیلوبایت (۱٬۷۹۰ واژه) - ۵ آوریل ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۰۳:۱۸
مدار ۵۶ درجه شمالی
گذر از مناطق: Sound of Jura | ۵۶ | ۰ | N | ۵ | ۴۱ | W | type:country | name United Kingdom | اسکاتلند | type:waterbody | name Firth of Forth ...
۵ کیلوبایت (۵۵۱ واژه) - ۲۳ مارس ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۲۳:۴۴
مسابقه آواز یوروویژن ۲۰۱۲
۱۵ Hungary | y ۲۰۱۲ | انگلیسی | کامپکت دیسکو | Sound Of Our Hearts | صدای قلب هایمان | ۱۰ | ۵۲ | ۱۷ Moldova مولداوی | انگلیسی | پاشا ...
۱۸ کیلوبایت (۱٬۶۶۴ واژه) - ۱۱ دسامبر ۲۰۱۳، ساعت ۱۹:۱۶

Спокойнее, главное не нервничай.

>>68965406
می‌کند تا بتواند جایگاهی در فرهنگ بوهمی آن سال‌ها برای خود بیابد. او که تنها ماشین تایپ و کمی خرت و پرت را با خود به همراه آورده است در هتلی ساکن شده و مشغول نوشتن می‌شود. یک روز بر حسب تصادف با یک گروه موسیقی به رهبری تولوز لوترک که سر از اتاق او درآورده‌اند آشنا می‌شود که می‌خواهند نمایشی تازه را برای هارولد زیدلر، صاحب کاباره مولن روژ بر روی صحنه ببرند. کریسشن با نوشتن قطعه‌ای برای آنها کمک می‌کند تا نمایش «دیدنی دیدنی» خلق شود. گروه او را با خود به مولن روژ می‌برد تا با اجرای خصوصی آن برای ساتین، همخوابه و هنرپیشهٔ مشهور کاباره، نظر او را جلب نمایند. ساتین کریسشن را با دوک، مرد ثروتمندی که قرار است در کاباره مولن روژ سرمایه‌گذاری نماید و هارولد زیدلر ترتیب گذراندن یک شب با او را داده است اشتباه گرفته و او را به اتاق مخصوص خود برده و شروع به اغواگری می‌نماید. اما با سخنان کریسشن درمی‌یابد که اشتباه کرده و از او می‌خواهد تا پیش از سر رسیدن دوک از آنجا برود. دوک آن دو را می‌بیند و ساتین وانمود می‌کند که آنها مشغول تمرین نمایشی هستند و با اجرای آن در برابر دوک او را ترغیب به سرمایه‌گذاری در این نمایشنامهٔ موزیکال می‌کنند.

پس از این ماجرا، ساتین و کریسشن که به یکدیگر علاقه‌مند شده‌اند در عشق یکدیگر افتاده و ترانه‌ای را به نشانهٔ این عشق پنهانشان با یکدیگر می‌خوانند. اما دوک نیز که خود عاشق ساتین است از این موضوع باخبر شده و درصدد نابودی کریسشن برمی‌آید. ساتین که به بیماری سل مبتلاست می‌خواهد که با کریسشن فرار کند ولی هارولد زیدلر به او می‌گوید که با این کار تنها خشم دوک را بر می‌انگیزد و سبب مرگ کریسشن می‌شود. زیدلر از ساتین می‌خواهد تا با جریحه دار کردن احساسات کریسشن او را از خود براند زیرا که نمایش باید ادامه بیابد. ساتین برای نجات جان کریسشن به دروغ به او می‌گوید که او تنها برایش نقش بازی می‌کرده و ثروت دوک از عشق او برایش مهمتر است. کریسشن که نمی‌تواند این سخن را باور کند به دنبال ساتین تا مولن روژ می‌رود ولی عوامل دوک او را بیرون می‌اندازند.

شب اجرای نمایش «دیدنی دیدنی» فرا می‌رسد و تولوز سعی می‌کند توجه کریسشن را به شیوهٔ زندگی بوهمی که بر اساس حقیقت، زیبایی، آزادی و عشق بنا شده جلب نماید و اینکه چقدر او و ساتین یکدیگر را دوست دارند اما کریسشن دل‌شکسته‌تر از آن است که به صحبت‌های تولوز گوش دهد و به سمت مولن روژ می‌رود. نمایش شروع شده و کریسشن پیش ساتین در پشت صحنه رفته و برای سکسی که به رایگان با او در این مدت داشته، مقادیری پول به سوی او پرتاب می‌کند، اما ساتین سعی می‌کند تا کریسشن را از آنجا دور نماید چون میترسد که محافظ دوک او را دیده و بکشد. آندو ناگهان بر روی صحنهٔ نمایش می‌افتند و سبب حیرت بازیگران و تماشاچیان می‌شوند. هارولد زیدلر سعی می‌کند تا کریسشن را یکی از شخصیت‌های نمایش که لباس مبدل پوشیده معرفی نماید اما کریسشن صحنه را ترک می‌کند. ناگهان تولوز که از بالای صحنه شاهد همه چیز است و گویی جمله‌ای را فراموش کرده فریاد می‌زند که: «بزرگترین چیزی که در زندگی می‌آموزی این است که عشق بورزی و در ازایش مورد عشق‌ورزی قرار گیری». با شنیدن این جمله ساتین شروع به خواندن ترانهٔ سری خود با کریسشن می‌کند تا به او نشان دهد که او را واقعاً دوست دارد. کریسشن که با شنیدن این ترانه از رفتن باز ایستاده به سوی ساتین رفته و با او هم‌آواز می‌شود. دوک که با سبدی گل در صندلی جلو نشسته به خشم آمده از محافظ خود می‌خواهد تا کریسشن را بکشد اما گروه نمایش او را خلع سلاح کرده و زیدلر با کوبیدن مشتی به صورتش او را نقش بر زمین می‌سازد. عشاق آهنگ خود را با همراهی بقیه به پایان می‌برند و دوک نیز مولن روژ را ترک می‌نماید. پرده می‌افتد و تماشاچیان با شدت بسیار شروع به تشویق می‌کنند. اما پیش از آنکه گروه موفق به رفتن مجدد روی صحنه شود، بیماری سل بر ساتین غلبه کرده و او در آغوش کریسشن جان می‌سپارد.

حال یک سال از مرگ ساتین گذشته و کاباره مولن روژ نیز تعطیل شده است و کریسشن که هنوز در غم از دست دادن ساتین به سر می‌برد تصمیم می‌گیرد تا داستانشان را به رشتهٔ تحریر درآورد، داستانی که دربارهٔ حقیقت، زیبایی، آزادی و بیشتر از هرچیز دربارهٔ عشق می‌باشد.

>>68965450
جوه مشترک آثار هنری عبارت‌اند از:

تخیل به عنوان مهم‌ترین عامل در شکل‌گیری اثر هنری است
همه آثار هنری از عاطفه و احساس هنرمند سرچشمه می‌گیرند نه از تفکر منطقی و عقلانی او
چندمعنایی بودن و منشور مانندی، وجه اشتراک سوم تمام آثار هنری است.

این جنبه از خصایص آثار هنری، در واقع از دو ویژگی قبلی که برشمردیم، نتیجه می‌شود. بدین معنی که هر پدیده‌ای که عنصر اصلی سازنده آن تخیل و عاطفه باشد، بی شک نمی‌تواند معنایی منجمد و تک بعدی داشته باشد. از این روست که هر کس در برابر آثار هنری می‌ایستد؛ دریافت و استنباط خاصی دارد. آثار هنری بسادگی میتوانند بیان کننده زیبایی حقیقی یا احساسات باشند. تغییری که هنر بر روح انسان می‌گذارد تغییری عمیق و ماندگار و طولانی‌تر است. در نتیجه هر گاه خواهان اثرگذاری ماندگار باشیم، می‌توانیم از هر یک از رشته‌های هنری به فراخور نیازمان بهره ببریم. همانطور که در روانشناسی این بحث به اثبات رسیده‌است، جهان از مجموعه‌ای از افراد تشکیل شده‌است، پس اگر بخواهیم در سریعترین حالت بر تعداد زیادی از افراد تاثیرگذاری داشته باشیم می‌توانیم از اسباب هنر استفاده کنیم، که هنر موسیقی و هنرهای نمایشی چون از طریق حس شنوایی و حس بینایی به سرعت درک می‌شوند، می‌توانند توام با یکدیگر به سرعت و در بعد جهانی تاثیری ژرف، عمیق، ماندگار و طولانی در جوامع به وجود می‌آورند.
هنرهای صناعی

هنرهای صناعی یا سنتی، هنرها و صنایع ظریفه‌ای هستند که در طول سده‌های متمادی با حفظ ریشه‌ها و سنت‌های خود رشد کرده مراحل شکل‌گیری خود را گذرانده یا می‌گذرانند.

هنرهای سنتی ایران را می‌توان به گروه‌های زیر تقسیم کرد:

۱. شعر و ادبیات
۲. موسیقی
۳. معماری و هنرهای وابسته
۴. نمایش‌های سنتی و آیینی
۵. صنایع مستظرفه

صنایع مستظرفه

صنعت و صنایع مستظرفه مقیاسی برای سنجیدن درجهء تکامل معنوی و روحی یک ملت است. درین جهان میان هزاران محسوسات که ما در زیر نفوذ حواس پنجگانهء خود از وجود و چگونگی آنها باخبر میشویم بعضی چیزها هست که ما بی‌اختیار آنها را بیشتر دوست میداریم.روح ما و قلب ما مجذوب آنها میشود بدون آنکه از آنها یک فایدهء عملی و آنی برای ما حاصل گردد. مثلا وقتیکه در جلو یک پردهء نقاشی که ثمرهء قوای دماغی و روحی یک صنعتکار را نشان میدهد می‌ایستیم ساعتها مشغول تماشای آن و غرق حیرت و تعجب میشویم.[۲]

که بجز موارد بالا همه آثار هنری را شامل می‌شود هنر مقدس همواره دو غايت بنيادى داشته است. اول زيبايى صورت عبادات و دوم‌نگهبانى و حفاظت از آن. دومين مميزه هنر مقدس بدان حقيقت رجوع مىكند كه اسلام‌صرف زيبايى را مطلوب تلقى نكرده، بلكه زيبايى را با كمال مورد تامل قرار مىدهد. آنچه منشا نقوش پراكنده و مايه پراكندگى خاطر است در قلمرو هنر اسلامى نفى مىشود، از اينجا هرگونه آرايش زرين يا جامه‌هاى فاخر در عبادات طرد مىگردند. به تعبير بوركهارت آداب دينى هنر الهى است از آنجا كه گونه‌اى جلوه‌گرى و سمبوليسم- در سطحى از شكلها و حالتهاى آدمى- براى جستجوى راهى به ماوراى همه مظاهر واعيان وجود است. در مسيحيت اين آداب نيايشى است- مانند عشاى ربانى و آداب‌خاص مسيحى- متضمن هنر مقدس يعنى معمارى و شمايل نگارى مسيحى كه ازبرجسته‌ترين مظاهر هنر مسيحى هستند. با توجه به معناى ذاتى عبادات اسلامى، و هنرىكه به زيبا كردن آن متوجه است، در عالم اسلامى به گونه‌اى ديگر فيضان و انعكاس هنرىآداب دينى را مىبينيم، يعنى جدا از مفهوم شمايل نگارى در عبادات مسيحى كه درضمن نوعى هنر تلقى مىشود. [۳] معمولاً از عبارت هنرهای صناعی برای بیان آن بخش از صنایع دستی که بیش از فن به هنر وابسته‌اند استفاده می‌شود.

>>68959819
>>68959791
>>68959843
>>68959919
>>68959886
>>68959871

Биография

Поль (Пауль, Полекин), Эрман (Герман), Жанекен (Ян) были тремя братьями, из которых Эрман, по всей видимости, был старшим. Сведений об их биографии мало.

Родились в Неймегене (Брабант), в семье скульптора, резчика по дереву Арнольда ван Лимбурга, сына некого Иоанна, предположительно переехавшего в Нидерланды из Лимбурга на Маасе. Всего в семье было 6 детей — ещё братья Рутгер и Арнольд и сестра Грета. По матери, Мехтильде Малуэль, они приходились племянниками Жану Малуэлю, придворному художнику бургундских герцогов. Возможно, около 1399—1400 годов учились в Париже ювелирному ремеслу. Первое упоминание в документах о художниках из этой семьи относится ко 2 мая 1400 года. Эрман и Жакемен (Жиллекен)[1] Малуэль, ученики парижского ювелира Алебре, из-за эпидемии чумы, разразившейся в 1399 году, были отосланы в Гелдерн. При проезде через Брюссель, враждовавший в ту пору с герцогом Гелдерна, они были схвачены и содержались в заточении шесть месяцев, причём расходы оплачивала их мать, как сказано в документе[2] «очень бедная женщина». Выкуп за братьев из собственных средств внёс герцог Бургундский, перед которым за племянников ходатайствовал Жан Малуэль. Однако речь скорее всего шла не о братьях Лимбургах, а о других племянниках Жана Малуэля[3]. 2 февраля 1402 года братья Полекен и Жанекен в платёжной расписке названы миниатюристами Филиппа Смелого: им было поручено исполнить иллюстрации к Библии. Считается, что это «Нравоучительная Библия», которая ныне находится в Парижской Национальной библиотеке. Одновременно герцог запрещал братьям работать для других заказчиков и назначал им содержание на четыре года. Братьев поселили в доме Жана Дюрана, врача герцога. Работа над Библией продолжалась до смерти Филиппа Смелого в 1404 году. После его смерти — придворные мастера Жана, герцога Беррийского, его брата. Нет сведений о деятельности братьев с 1405 по 1408 год. Однако исследователь Миллард Майсс именно к этому времени относит работу над оформлением «Прекрасного часослова» (Метрополитен-музей, Нью-Йорк). Судя по документу от 29 июня 1410 года, сохранившемуся в архивах Неймингена, Эрман и Жан Лимбурги, сыновья гравёра Арнольда из Ахена, владели в этом городе движимым и недвижимым имуществом. Начиная с 1410 года, братья Лимбурги довольно часто упоминаются в документах уже как придворные мастера герцога Беррийского. Например, 1 января 1411 года они преподнесли в качестве подарка своему господину «книгу-обманку, сделанную из куска дерева» — это первое свидетельство, где фигурируют все три брата. С осени 1413 года Поль Лимбург именуется «камердинером милостивого господина», а в 1415 году — камердинеры уже и Жан, и Эрман. Приблизительно даты смерти братьев Лимбург установлены по бумагам, касающимся их наследства. Известно, что Жан умер около 9 марта 1416 года, а к сентябрю-октябрю того же года не было в живых уже Поля и Эрмана. Предположительно все они умерли от эпидемии чумы в тот же год совсем молодыми.

>>68965450
Это тред про егэ по русскому, а не арабскому

>>68965510
аутист общается с вайпом. Спешите видеть

>>68965499
L'Italia (IPA: [i�ta�lja] Ascolta[?·info]), ufficialmente Repubblica Italiana,[6] è una repubblica parlamentare situata nell'Europa meridionale, con una popolazione di 60 milioni di abitanti e capitale Roma. Delimitata dall'arco alpino confina a nord, da ovest ad est, con Francia, Svizzera, Austria e Slovenia; il resto del territorio, circondato dai mari Ligure, Tirreno, Ionio ed Adriatico, si protende nel mar Mediterraneo, occupando la penisola italiana e numerose isole (le maggiori sono Sicilia e Sardegna), per un totale di 301 340 km².[7] Gli Stati della Città del Vaticano e di San Marino sono enclavi della Repubblica.

Roma, che fu capitale dell'Impero romano, è stata per secoli il centro politico e culturale della civiltà occidentale. Dopo la caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente, l'Italia medievale fu soggetta ad invasioni e dominazioni di popolazioni germaniche, come gli Ostrogoti, i Longobardi ed i Normanni. Nel XV secolo, con la diffusione del Rinascimento, ridivenne il centro culturale del mondo occidentale, ma dopo le guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo ricadde sotto l'egemonia delle potenze straniere, francese, spagnola e austriaca. Durante il Risorgimento combatté per l'indipendenza e per l'unità finché nel 1861 fu proclamato il Regno d'Italia che cessò di esistere nel 1946, dopo il ventennio fascista e la sconfitta nella seconda guerra mondiale quando, a seguito di un referendum istituzionale, lo Stato italiano divenne una repubblica.

Nel 2010 l'Italia, ottava potenza economica mondiale e quarta a livello europeo, è un paese con un alto standard di vita: l'indice di sviluppo umano è molto alto, 0,854, e la speranza di vita è di 81,4 anni.[8] È membro fondatore dell'Unione europea, della NATO, del Consiglio d'Europa e dell'OCSE, aderisce all'ONU e al trattato di Schengen. È inoltre membro del G7, G8 e G20, partecipa al progetto di condivisione nucleare della NATO, è una delle potenze regionali europee e si colloca in nona posizione nel mondo per le spese militari. L'Italia vanta il maggior numero di siti dichiarati patrimonio dell'umanità dall'UNESCO[9] ed è il quinto paese più visitato del mondo.

>>68965545
Лол, аутист тут только вайпер. Тратит своё время на школьников, которым на его жалкий ручной вайп нассать.

>>68965600
Il popolamento del territorio italiano risale alla preistoria, epoca di cui sono state ritrovate importanti testimonianze archeologiche. L'Italia è stata abitata a partire dal paleolitico, periodo di cui conserva numerosi siti archeologici come la grotta dell'Addaura, i Balzi rossi, Monte Poggiolo, il ponte di Veja, la Grotta Guattari, Gravina in Puglia, Altamura e Ceprano.[10]

Numerosi ritrovamenti documentano anche il periodo neolitico (cultura della ceramica cardiale e cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata), l'età del rame (cultura di Remedello, cultura del Rinaldone, cultura del Gaudo), l'età del bronzo (incisioni rupestri della Val Camonica, cultura dei castellieri, cultura appenninica, civiltà nuragica, cultura delle terramare, cultura protovillanoviana).
Espansione della civiltà etrusca dall'VIII al VI secolo a.C.

Per ciò che riguarda l'età del ferro, che in Italia coincide con il periodo preromano, si ricordano la civiltà villanoviana e i popoli indoeuropei trasferitisi in Italia dall'Europa orientale e centrale in varie ondate migratorie; essi si mescolano alle etnie preesistenti nel territorio, assorbendole, o stabilendo una forma di convivenza pacifica con esse; si delinea in tal modo fin da quest'epoca la suddivisione regionale del territorio italiano.

Nell'Italia settentrionale, accanto ai Celti (comunemente chiamati Galli), vi sono i Liguri (originariamente non indoeuropei poi fusisi con i Celti), mentre nell'Italia nord-orientale vivono i Paleoveneti, di origine incerta, forse italica o illirica o, secondo alcune fonti, provenienti dall'Asia Minore.[11][12]

Nell'Italia peninsulare, accanto agli Etruschi convivono popoli di origine indoeuropea definiti italici, fra cui Umbri, Latini, Sabini, Falisci, Volsci, Equi, Piceni, Sanniti, Apuli, Messapi, Lucani, Bruzi e Siculi. Altri popoli non indoeuropei, autoctoni, erano presenti in Sicilia (Elimi e Sicani) ed in Sardegna, abitata fin dal II millennio a.C. da varie etnie nuragiche, forse identificabili con l'antico popolo degli Shardana.[13]
Colonizzazione fenicia e greca
Exquisite-kfind.png Per approfondire, vedi Colonie nell'antichità e Siti archeologici dell'Italia antica.
Il tempio della Concordia ad Agrigento

I primi colonizzatori stranieri sono i Fenici che fondano inizialmente vari empori sulle coste della Sicilia e della Sardegna. Alcuni di questi diventano in breve piccoli centri urbani e si sviluppano parallelamente alle colonie greche; tra i principali centri vi sono le città di Mozia, Zyz, Kfra in Sicilia e Nora, Sulki, Tharros in Sardegna.[14]

Dopo l'VIII secolo a.C., colonizzatori provenienti dalla Grecia si stabiliscono sulle coste del sud Italia (dando vita alla Magna Grecia) e su quelle della Sicilia. Coloni ionici fondano Elaia, Kyme, Rhegion, Parthenope, Naxos, Zankles, Hymera e Katane. Coloni dorici fondano Taras, Syrakousai, Megara Hyblaia, Leontinoi, Akragas, Ghelas, Ankon ed Adria. Gli Achei fondano Sybaris, Poseidonia, Kroton, Lokroi Epizephyrioi e Metapontion; tarantini e thurioti fondano Herakleia.

La colonizzazione greca pone i popoli italici a contatto con forme di governo democratiche e con espressioni artistiche e culturali elevate.[15]

>>68965545
лол

>>68962045
>>68962034
История

Впервые упоминается в 1545 году как село Александрополь, названное в честь владельца — боярина Александра Пронского.

С 1607 года переходит в собственность литовского княжеского рода Сапегов. Новые хозяева переименовали село в Хорошки (со временем трансформировавшееся в Горошки). В 1617 году село становится местечком.

В 1793 году после третьего раздела Речи Посполитой, входит в состав Российской империи.

В 1796 году императрица Екатерина II подарила Горошки полководцу М. И. Кутузову, который отличился во время русско-турецкой войны. Кутузов бывал в своём имении в 1802—1805 годах. В 1912 году, по случаю столетия Отечественной войны 1812 года, Горошки переименовываются в Кутузово.

В 1921 году Кутузово переименовывают в Володарск в честь известного деятеля большевистской партии В. Володарского, убитого в 1918 году, а в 1927 году — в Володарск-Волынский.

>>68965669
Il popolamento del territorio italiano risale alla preistoria, epoca di cui sono state ritrovate importanti testimonianze archeologiche. L'Italia è stata abitata a partire dal paleolitico, periodo di cui conserva numerosi siti archeologici come la grotta dell'Addaura, i Balzi rossi, Monte Poggiolo, il ponte di Veja, la Grotta Guattari, Gravina in Puglia, Altamura e Ceprano.[10]

Numerosi ritrovamenti documentano anche il periodo neolitico (cultura della ceramica cardiale e cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata), l'età del rame (cultura di Remedello, cultura del Rinaldone, cultura del Gaudo), l'età del bronzo (incisioni rupestri della Val Camonica, cultura dei castellieri, cultura appenninica, civiltà nuragica, cultura delle terramare, cultura protovillanoviana).
Espansione della civiltà etrusca dall'VIII al VI secolo a.C.

Per ciò che riguarda l'età del ferro, che in Italia coincide con il periodo preromano, si ricordano la civiltà villanoviana e i popoli indoeuropei trasferitisi in Italia dall'Europa orientale e centrale in varie ondate migratorie; essi si mescolano alle etnie preesistenti nel territorio, assorbendole, o stabilendo una forma di convivenza pacifica con esse; si delinea in tal modo fin da quest'epoca la suddivisione regionale del territorio italiano.

Nell'Italia settentrionale, accanto ai Celti (comunemente chiamati Galli), vi sono i Liguri (originariamente non indoeuropei poi fusisi con i Celti), mentre nell'Italia nord-orientale vivono i Paleoveneti, di origine incerta, forse italica o illirica o, secondo alcune fonti, provenienti dall'Asia Minore.[11][12]

Nell'Italia peninsulare, accanto agli Etruschi convivono popoli di origine indoeuropea definiti italici, fra cui Umbri, Latini, Sabini, Falisci, Volsci, Equi, Piceni, Sanniti, Apuli, Messapi, Lucani, Bruzi e Siculi. Altri popoli non indoeuropei, autoctoni, erano presenti in Sicilia (Elimi e Sicani) ed in Sardegna, abitata fin dal II millennio a.C. da varie etnie nuragiche, forse identificabili con l'antico popolo degli Shardana.[13]
Colonizzazione fenicia e greca
Exquisite-kfind.png Per approfondire, vedi Colonie nell'antichità e Siti archeologici dell'Italia antica.
Il tempio della Concordia ad Agrigento

I primi colonizzatori stranieri sono i Fenici che fondano inizialmente vari empori sulle coste della Sicilia e della Sardegna. Alcuni di questi diventano in breve piccoli centri urbani e si sviluppano parallelamente alle colonie greche; tra i principali centri vi sono le città di Mozia, Zyz, Kfra in Sicilia e Nora, Sulki, Tharros in Sardegna.[14]

Dopo l'VIII secolo a.C., colonizzatori provenienti dalla Grecia si stabiliscono sulle coste del sud Italia (dando vita alla Magna Grecia) e su quelle della Sicilia. Coloni ionici fondano Elaia, Kyme, Rhegion, Parthenope, Naxos, Zankles, Hymera e Katane. Coloni dorici fondano Taras, Syrakousai, Megara Hyblaia, Leontinoi, Akragas, Ghelas, Ankon ed Adria. Gli Achei fondano Sybaris, Poseidonia, Kroton, Lokroi Epizephyrioi e Metapontion; tarantini e thurioti fondano Herakleia.

La colonizzazione greca pone i popoli italici a contatto con forme di governo democratiche e con espressioni artistiche e culturali elevate.[15]

>>68965700
Il popolamento del territorio italiano risale alla preistoria, epoca di cui sono state ritrovate importanti testimonianze archeologiche. L'Italia è stata abitata a partire dal paleolitico, periodo di cui conserva numerosi siti archeologici come la grotta dell'Addaura, i Balzi rossi, Monte Poggiolo, il ponte di Veja, la Grotta Guattari, Gravina in Puglia, Altamura e Ceprano.[10]

Numerosi ritrovamenti documentano anche il periodo neolitico (cultura della ceramica cardiale e cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata), l'età del rame (cultura di Remedello, cultura del Rinaldone, cultura del Gaudo), l'età del bronzo (incisioni rupestri della Val Camonica, cultura dei castellieri, cultura appenninica, civiltà nuragica, cultura delle terramare, cultura protovillanoviana).
Espansione della civiltà etrusca dall'VIII al VI secolo a.C.

Per ciò che riguarda l'età del ferro, che in Italia coincide con il periodo preromano, si ricordano la civiltà villanoviana e i popoli indoeuropei trasferitisi in Italia dall'Europa orientale e centrale in varie ondate migratorie; essi si mescolano alle etnie preesistenti nel territorio, assorbendole, o stabilendo una forma di convivenza pacifica con esse; si delinea in tal modo fin da quest'epoca la suddivisione regionale del territorio italiano.

Nell'Italia settentrionale, accanto ai Celti (comunemente chiamati Galli), vi sono i Liguri (originariamente non indoeuropei poi fusisi con i Celti), mentre nell'Italia nord-orientale vivono i Paleoveneti, di origine incerta, forse italica o illirica o, secondo alcune fonti, provenienti dall'Asia Minore.[11][12]

Nell'Italia peninsulare, accanto agli Etruschi convivono popoli di origine indoeuropea definiti italici, fra cui Umbri, Latini, Sabini, Falisci, Volsci, Equi, Piceni, Sanniti, Apuli, Messapi, Lucani, Bruzi e Siculi. Altri popoli non indoeuropei, autoctoni, erano presenti in Sicilia (Elimi e Sicani) ed in Sardegna, abitata fin dal II millennio a.C. da varie etnie nuragiche, forse identificabili con l'antico popolo degli Shardana.[13]
Colonizzazione fenicia e greca
Exquisite-kfind.png Per approfondire, vedi Colonie nell'antichità e Siti archeologici dell'Italia antica.
Il tempio della Concordia ad Agrigento

I primi colonizzatori stranieri sono i Fenici che fondano inizialmente vari empori sulle coste della Sicilia e della Sardegna. Alcuni di questi diventano in breve piccoli centri urbani e si sviluppano parallelamente alle colonie greche; tra i principali centri vi sono le città di Mozia, Zyz, Kfra in Sicilia e Nora, Sulki, Tharros in Sardegna.[14]

Dopo l'VIII secolo a.C., colonizzatori provenienti dalla Grecia si stabiliscono sulle coste del sud Italia (dando vita alla Magna Grecia) e su quelle della Sicilia. Coloni ionici fondano Elaia, Kyme, Rhegion, Parthenope, Naxos, Zankles, Hymera e Katane. Coloni dorici fondano Taras, Syrakousai, Megara Hyblaia, Leontinoi, Akragas, Ghelas, Ankon ed Adria. Gli Achei fondano Sybaris, Poseidonia, Kroton, Lokroi Epizephyrioi e Metapontion; tarantini e thurioti fondano Herakleia.

La colonizzazione greca pone i popoli italici a contatto con forme di governo democratiche e con espressioni artistiche e culturali elevate.[15]

Хэй, вайпер, как жизнь?

>>68965745
Il mare Adriatico è l'articolazione del mar Mediterraneo situata tra la penisola italiana e la penisola balcanica. Bagna sei Paesi: Italia, Slovenia, Croazia, Bosnia ed Erzegovina, Montenegro e Albania.

È lungo circa 800 km e largo mediamente 150 km, ricoprendo una superficie di 132 000 km². La profondità non supera i 300 m nella parte settentrionale (inferiore a quella dei tre grandi laghi prealpini) e raggiunge i 1 222 m più a sud, lungo la direttrice da Bari alle bocche di Cattaro. La salinità media è del 3,8%, con forti differenze tra il nord, meno salino, ed il sud.

I principali corsi d'acqua che sfociano nel mar Adriatico sono il Po, l'Adige, l'Isonzo, il Tagliamento, il Brenta, il Piave, il Reno, la Narenta, il Metauro, Tronto, l'Aterno-Pescara. In generale, i fiumi del nord, alimentati dai ghiacciai alpini, hanno un regime più regolare nel corso dell'anno, mentre quelli centro-meridionali presentano un carattere torrentizio.

L'ampiezza di marea è abbastanza contenuta (circa 30 cm al sud e non oltre i 90 nell'estremità settentrionali): ciò ha permesso sin dall'antichità la nascita, lungo la bassa costa settentrionale, di centri abitati come Aquileia, Chioggia, Grado, Venezia, famosa in tutto il mondo per il fenomeno dell'acqua alta che periodicamente ne sommerge di qualche decina di centimetri molte aree, e Ravenna.

Porti principali in Italia sono, da nord a sud, Trieste, Venezia, Ravenna, Ancona, Bari, Brindisi; in Slovenia il solo porto di Capodistria; in Croazia Pola, Fiume, Zara, Sebenico, Spalato e Ragusa; la Bosnia ed Erzegovina si serve del porto croato di Porto Tolero (in croato: Plo e); in Montenegro Antivari; in Albania Durazzo e Valona.

Nel periodo pre-classico, l'Adriatico era considerato un'articolazione dello Ionio; venne considerato un mare a sé stante a partire dal periodo repubblicano romano. Nel Medioevo e nell'Età Moderna, i Veneziani, che comprendevano nel proprio dominio la Dalmazia e alcuni porti pugliesi, chiamavano l'intero Adriatico con il nome di golfo di Venezia. Dal momento che la Serenissima era una delle maggiori potenze d'Europa, tale denominazione si diffuse molto, senza però soppiantare mai completamente il nome originale, al quale rimasero fedeli i pochi porti adriatici che Venezia non riuscì a sottomettere. Nei codici marittimi veneziani era addirittura chiamato "il nostro canal", quasi fosse la continuazione del Canal Grande.

>>68965745
Хахахах лооол.

>>68965796
>>68965745
>>68965728
>>68965700
Il mare Adriatico è l'articolazione del mar Mediterraneo situata tra la penisola italiana e la penisola balcanica. Bagna sei Paesi: Italia, Slovenia, Croazia, Bosnia ed Erzegovina, Montenegro e Albania.

È lungo circa 800 km e largo mediamente 150 km, ricoprendo una superficie di 132 000 km². La profondità non supera i 300 m nella parte settentrionale (inferiore a quella dei tre grandi laghi prealpini) e raggiunge i 1 222 m più a sud, lungo la direttrice da Bari alle bocche di Cattaro. La salinità media è del 3,8%, con forti differenze tra il nord, meno salino, ed il sud.

I principali corsi d'acqua che sfociano nel mar Adriatico sono il Po, l'Adige, l'Isonzo, il Tagliamento, il Brenta, il Piave, il Reno, la Narenta, il Metauro, Tronto, l'Aterno-Pescara. In generale, i fiumi del nord, alimentati dai ghiacciai alpini, hanno un regime più regolare nel corso dell'anno, mentre quelli centro-meridionali presentano un carattere torrentizio.

L'ampiezza di marea è abbastanza contenuta (circa 30 cm al sud e non oltre i 90 nell'estremità settentrionali): ciò ha permesso sin dall'antichità la nascita, lungo la bassa costa settentrionale, di centri abitati come Aquileia, Chioggia, Grado, Venezia, famosa in tutto il mondo per il fenomeno dell'acqua alta che periodicamente ne sommerge di qualche decina di centimetri molte aree, e Ravenna.

Porti principali in Italia sono, da nord a sud, Trieste, Venezia, Ravenna, Ancona, Bari, Brindisi; in Slovenia il solo porto di Capodistria; in Croazia Pola, Fiume, Zara, Sebenico, Spalato e Ragusa; la Bosnia ed Erzegovina si serve del porto croato di Porto Tolero (in croato: Plo e); in Montenegro Antivari; in Albania Durazzo e Valona.

Nel periodo pre-classico, l'Adriatico era considerato un'articolazione dello Ionio; venne considerato un mare a sé stante a partire dal periodo repubblicano romano. Nel Medioevo e nell'Età Moderna, i Veneziani, che comprendevano nel proprio dominio la Dalmazia e alcuni porti pugliesi, chiamavano l'intero Adriatico con il nome di golfo di Venezia. Dal momento che la Serenissima era una delle maggiori potenze d'Europa, tale denominazione si diffuse molto, senza però soppiantare mai completamente il nome originale, al quale rimasero fedeli i pochi porti adriatici che Venezia non riuscì a sottomettere. Nei codici marittimi veneziani era addirittura chiamato "il nostro canal", quasi fosse la continuazione del Canal Grande.

>>68965796
Да, мэн, как вижу дела не очень... Что сказать, держись! в борьбе с аутизмом, лол

>>68965886
>мэн
Ты же понимаешь, что ты уебан, да?

>>68965979
Поясни. Даже интересно, что спизданёшь.

>>68966073
Я просто так выделил слово мэн?

>>68966166
Спокойно, мэн, здесь у нас свободное общение, мэн

>>68966248
Серьёзный собеседник.

>>68966322
>Серьёзный собеседник, мэн.
пофиксил

>>68966166
Меня интересует, чем тебя оно так задело. Тащемто, слово мэн я употребил с иронией, но меня бесит, когда меня начинают поучать такие люди, как ты.

Ответы русский: http://rghost.ru/55935933

>>68966422
Родина им русский язык, блядь, дала! Не хочу, блять! Хочу жрать говно! Пиздец. И это россияне?

>такие люди, как ты
По постам гадаешь, умный?

Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - 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завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ Отпишешься в этом треде - завалишь ЕГЭ

>>68966584
>слово мэн я употребил с иронией
Сам ты, однако, русский с трудом понимаешь.
>по постам гадаешь
Ага. Ты приебался к одному слову. Думаешь, что все должны говорить так, как ты захочешь. Вот и умным быть не надо, чтобы понять, что ты за человек.

>>68966677
вайп уровня /b/

>>68966834
Остановимся на том, что ты его употребил, всё же. Не важно: с иронией или без. Ты уже зашкварен.

>умным быть не надо
В точку прям. Скажи ещё что-нибудь обо мне. Так интересно.

>>68966965
Подожди, он пока новую стену текста печатает.

>>68966677
Как я могу завалить то, что сдавал несколько лет назад? М, уёба?

>>68966995
Лол, да мне похуй, что ты думаешь об этом слове. Я буду употреблять те слова, какие захочу. И никакие "учителя" с сосача этому не помешают.
Камон, мэн, чилл.

>>68960946
ОБОСРАЛСЯ!!!!!!

>>68967185
Зашкварок себя человеком почувствовал, спешите видеть!

>>68967185
>да мне похуй, что ты думаешь
Настолько похуй?

>>68967315
Ясно всё с тобой, на нормальный разговор не способен. Факин сик оф ю, мэн.

>>68967366
Что?

>>68967185

>>68967563
Йеа, мэн!

>>68967474
Хуй в очко, блять.
Йоу, мэээн... Камон, йе! Джаст лайк Дедди, камон!

>>68967441
ай эм ррэди ту файт вис ю анэкрэдбл мазафака мазафакер ай эм фак ю фак май ингриш из дарк

>>68967315
Воу, джакас, ты на кого тут пиздишь бич?

>>68967692
>май ингриш из дарк
Воу, воу, воу! Изи, мэээн!

>>68962414
Проверят по базе есть ли вообще такой автор и такое произведение. А саму проблему там проверять не будут, только если произведение не известно эксперту.

>>68967692
Ноубади факс виз ми, ю рис оф шит! Амма тич ю э лэссон...

>>68967872
>пис
Квик фикс.

>>68967172
Видимо хуево сдал. Так и остался школьником, пишущем в школотредах.

>>68967841
ай эм дерти нига фром тусиэйч.эйчкей энд ай эм пис он ю фасе бекоз ай эм гэнста дэнжорос

>>68967963
Но если ты здесь отписался, значит ты тоже школьник?

>>68968036
Пишущим с сагой - иммунитет.

>>68968090
Нет говно

>>68968017
>тусиэйч.эйчкей
Шит, зет гэнгста из дэм сириоус. Кефул виз хим, бразерс.

>>68968156
Пошел нахуй, вафлер.

>>68959760 сдавал ЕГЭ в 2004 , самый первый эксперимент с этим говном был. даже не пытался готовиться и сдал на 5. А тут дегенераты еще и ответы ищут.. пиздец, блять, а не страна стала

>>68968238
Я снова тебя не понимаю.

>>68968403
Понятное дело, ты же дебил.

Вбросьте лучше пикч, где мудрый анон подсказывает школьникам хуиту на ЕГЭ, типа теоремы сосницкого по математике и индульгенции по обществознанию.

>>68968442
Хм, ну да, понятно. Позавчера ты по-другому говорил.

Школьников выперли из их треда.

>>68968762
С чего ты взял?

>>68968762
Не всех, остался один непонятный хрен и скучающие НЕшкольники

>>68968887
>один непонятный хрен
Обидно.

Сажи школию.

>>68968396
За 9 лет всё поменялось, кроме императора.

>>68969378
Бампу школию.

И ещё.

че это за хуйня?

>>68970574
Совпадают с КИМами, которые выкладывали.

Посоны где на завтра ответы взять? Очен надо

>>68970574
Это откуда? Это ответы? На завтра? Где скачать?

>>68972803
Бамп

>>68970574
Кому верить?

>>68972968
Бамп

>>68972968
Бамп

Бамп-

Что ты хочешь? Это ответы на КИМы, которые выкладывали раньше. Будет это завтра или нет, неизвестно.

Сколько же тут школьников, охуеть.

Алсо, проигрываю с школьников как вас много, пиздец
  ▲
 ▲ ▲

>>68973248
Лол, я вот весь тред поражался таким, как ты. Ты здесь первый день? Тут блеать семиклассники сидят, а вы завтрашнем студентам удивляетесь.

Ну все посоны, я спать, пожелайте мне, что ли удачи, плиз

>>68973515
Удачи.

С сарта

>>68973515
Ты не сдашь.

>>68973560
Хрень.

>>68973541
спасиб

Котаны! Срочная инфа по завтрашним егэ! http://rghost.ru/55946046.view

Искренне желаю вам завалиться на ЕГЭ.

Бамп

>>68959760
abitanti e capitale Roma. Delimitata dall'arco alpino confina a nord, da ovest ad est, con Francia, Svizzera, Austria e Slovenia; il resto del territorio, circondato dai mari Ligure, Tirreno, Ionio ed Adriatico, si protende nel mar Mediterraneo, occupando la penisola italiana e numerose isole (le maggiori sono Sicilia e Sardegna), per un totale di 301 340 km².[7] Gli Stati della Città del Vaticano e di San Marino sono enclavi della Repubblica.

Roma, che fu capitale dell'Impero romano, è stata per secoli il centro politico e culturale della civiltà occidentale. Dopo la caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente, l'Italia medievale fu soggetta ad invasioni e dominazioni di popolazioni germaniche, come gli Ostrogoti, i Longobardi ed i Normanni. Nel XV secolo, con la diffusione del Rinascimento, ridivenne il centro culturale del mondo occidentale, ma dopo le guerre d'Italia del XVI secolo ricadde sotto l'egemonia delle potenze straniere, francese, spagnola e austriaca. Durante il Risorgimento combatté per l'indipendenza e per l'unità finché nel 1861 fu proclamato il Regno d'Italia che cessò di esistere nel 1946, dopo il ventennio fascista e la sconfitta nella seconda guerra mondiale quando, a seguito di un referendum istituzionale, lo Stato italiano divenne una repubblica.

Nel 2010 l'Italia, ottava potenza economica mondiale e quarta a livello europeo, è un paese con un alto standard di vita: l'indice di sviluppo umano è molto alto, 0,854, e la speranza di vita è di 81,4 anni.[8] È membro fondatore dell'Unione europea, della NATO, del Consiglio d'Europa e dell'OCSE, aderisce all'ONU e al trattato di Schengen. È inoltre membro del G7, G8 e G20, partecipa al progetto di condivisione nucleare della NATO, è una delle potenze regionali europee e si colloca in nona posizione nel mondo per le spese militari. L'Italia vanta il maggior numero di siti dichiarati patrimonio dell'umanità dall'UNESCO[9] ed è il quinto paese più visitato del mondo.

Ответы: >>68965638
Аноним Срд 28 Май 2014 21:30:01 №68965624
>>68965545
Лол, аутист тут только вайпер. Тратит своё время на школьников, которым на его жалкий ручной вайп нассать.

Аноним Срд 28 Май 2014 21:30:24 №68965638
>>68965600
Il popolamento del territorio italiano risale alla preistoria, epoca di cui sono state ritrovate importanti testimonianze archeologiche. L'Italia è stata abitata a partire dal paleolitico, periodo di cui conserva numerosi siti archeologici come la grotta dell'Addaura, i Balzi rossi, Monte Poggiolo, il ponte di Veja, la Grotta Guattari, Gravina in Puglia, Altamura e Ceprano.[10]

Numerosi ritrovamenti documentano anche il periodo neolitico (cultura della ceramica cardiale e cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata), l'età del rame (cultura di Remedello, cultura del Rinaldone, cultura del Gaudo), l'età del bronzo (incisioni rupestri della Val Camonica, cultura dei castellieri, cultura appenninica, civiltà nuragica, cultura delle terramare, cultura protovillanoviana).
Espansione della civiltà etrusca dall'VIII al VI secolo a.C.

Per ciò che riguarda l'età del ferro, che in Italia coincide con il periodo preromano, si ricordano la civiltà villanoviana e i popoli indoeuropei trasferitisi in Italia dall'Europa orientale e centrale in varie ondate migratorie; essi si mescolano alle etnie preesistenti nel territorio, assorbendole, o stabilendo una forma di convivenza pacifica con esse; si delinea in tal modo fin da quest'epoca la suddivisione regionale del territorio italiano.

Nell'Italia settentrionale, accanto ai Celti (comunemente chiamati Galli), vi sono i Liguri (originariamente non indoeuropei poi fusisi con i Celti), mentre nell'Italia nord-orientale vivono i Paleoveneti, di origine incerta, forse italica o illirica o, secondo alcune fonti, provenienti dall'Asia Minore.[11][12]

Nell'Italia peninsulare, accanto agli Etruschi convivono popoli di origine indoeuropea definiti italici, fra cui Umbri, Latini, Sabini, Falisci, Volsci, Equi, Piceni, Sanniti, Apuli, Messapi, Lucani, Bruzi e Siculi. Altri popoli non indoeuropei, autoctoni, erano presenti in Sicilia (Elimi e Sicani) ed in Sardegna, abitata fin dal II millennio a.C. da varie etnie nuragiche, forse identificabili con l'antico popolo degli Shardana.[13]
Colonizzazione fenicia e greca
Exquisite-kfind.png Per approfondire, vedi Colonie nell'antichità e Siti archeologici dell'Italia antica.
Il tempio della Concordia ad Agrigento

I primi colonizzatori stranieri sono i Fenici che fondano inizialmente vari empori sulle coste della Sicilia e della Sardegna. Alcuni di questi diventano in breve piccoli centri urbani e si sviluppano parallelamente alle colonie greche; tra i principali centri vi sono le città di Mozia, Zyz, Kfra in Sicilia e Nora, Sulki, Tharros in Sardegna.[14]

Dopo l'VIII secolo a.C., colonizzatori provenienti dalla Grecia si stabiliscono sulle coste del sud Italia (dando vita alla Magna Grecia) e su quelle della Sicilia. Coloni ionici fondano Elaia, Kyme, Rhegion, Parthenope, Naxos, Zankles, Hymera e Katane. Coloni dorici fondano Taras, Syrakousai, Megara Hyblaia, Leontinoi, Akragas, Ghelas, Ankon ed Adria. Gli Achei fondano Sybaris, Poseidonia, Kroton, Lokroi Epizephyrioi e Metapontion; tarantini e thurioti fondano Herakleia.

La colonizzazione greca pone i popoli italici a contatto con forme di governo democratiche e con espressioni artistiche e culturali elevate.[15]

>>68974208
пнх
сам списал, первокурс
либо еще больший школота чем мы
либо неудачник, который сидит на дваче, хотя завтра НА РАБОТУ

Через пару часов мне уже нужно будет идти на сдачу. Пожелайте мне удачи.
ДВ-кун

>>68975347
Оооо, я чувствую как от твоего поста веет лузерством. Таким как ты никогда не везет по жизни. Ты точно обосрешься не егэ, набрав гораздо меньше чем ожидал.

>>68975463
Ты не поступишь.

>>68975347
Аутотренинг заваленца. Продолжай читать самоуспокаивающие мантры в духе "кокок я все сдом точно не завалюсь все ровно сдом!11". Правда, тебе это не поможет. Ты всё равно провалишься с треском. Персонально тебе желаю не сдачи ЕГЭ.

>>68975463
Искренне желаю набрать баллов 80.
А в будущем съебать из этой параши в Европку и никогда сюда больше не заходить :3
Тян 18лвл

>>68975463
Пошёл нахуй. Можешь не ехать, всё равно переволнуешься и провалишься.

>>68975825
Все съебут в Европу и там будет как в Рашке. там уже как в рашке, заебали понаехавшие

Перекатываемся

>>68975937
В гейропа только уезжают пидорасы и ботаны.
А нормальные а Империи остаются!

Анон, поясни за форму одежды на экзамене.

сажи

>>68976185
Это не важно. Ты все равно не сдашь.

>>68976230 Спасибо, конечно, но что мне одеть, чтобы хотя бы допустили до экзамена ? Я хочу попытаться.

В этом году уже предлогали кидать фейковые кимы дабы аотралить школоту?

>>68976310
Нет ограничений

>>68976310
Юбку, базарю, без разреза

>>68976398
Под нее чулки и туда шпоры

Пиздец, да залейте уже кто-нибудь на рыгхост или мегу, молю.

Спать хочется жутко, голова болит. Пидоры.

>>68977807
https://mega.co.nz/#!95F2nbSL!g3jZpVh16eeI-vpfUP9jENgk-1o84law3129pd9Ofi4

Школьники соснули?

>>68977869 а пароль?